3-Lib, Your resource for all things Psion and Symbian. Features, software, stats and tutorials.

Trivopaedia ONLINE
(also available for all handheld and desktop platforms, multiple versions for each)

What is it?

The ultimate encyclopaedia of useful trivia, the freeware Trivopaedia features a mountain of information, including airline codes, paper weights and sizes, Oscars, periodic table, wonders of the world, bible versions, football world cups, musical terms, how to remove stains, vitamins, kings and queens, presidents, longest rivers, largest deserts, wind speed, death risks, mathematical formulae, Formula 1 champions, morse code, Nobel Peace winners, statistics, James Bonds, Star Trek films, phonetic alphabet, pi, works of Shakespeare, earthquakes, sound levels, computer pin assignments, phobias, sea areas, best and worst films ever and over 200 other sections... all contributed by myself and other PDA owners. If you have a section of additional trivia you'd like to add, then please get in touch!

Cost

Absolutely nothing, Trivopaedia is completely free! Having said that, if you find it really useful, you might like to use the button below to make a small donation to me to say thanks and help keep 3-Lib going. Thanks in advance.

Trivopaedia ONLINE

After years of being available solely for handhelds, it's now available online, right here. Enjoy! (And feel free to donate if you find it useful...!)

About Trivopaedia version 2.3

(C) UK, Steve Litchfield, 1997-2008
Please send in ideas and content for future versions. Note that the content is (among others) also available in Palm Desktop, iSilo, Plucker, Trivopaedia and DOC formats (in various version numbers)
Trivopaedia is freeware. While you're here, why not check out 3-Lib, general articles, info and links for Psion and Symbian PDAs and smartphones
(http://3lib.ukonline.co.uk/)

A brief history

Started with rregal@cix.co.uk back in the mists of time and merged with data from my own Trivia program for the Psion Series 3 classic. And then added to in various bits as we went on, thanks particularly to Stefan Wolfrum, Christian Eyrich(!), Michael Hoehne, Steve Hawtin, Richard Lambley, Roger Burton-West, Jim Willsher, Ian Sayers, Alan Jones, Simon Williams, Colin Smith, Andrew Giddings, Andre van Linden, Thomas Floyd, Richard Weeber, David Aldous, Stewart Shine, Mark Wilder, Daniel Pope, Kevin Turner, Neil Jowett, Roland Francies, David Rushall, Austen Gower, A Nieman, Paul Ward, Colin Spurdle, Jim Ventola, Patrick Hahn, Richard Moss, Paul Bamber, Jim Johnston, Joshua Holman, Jonathan Winter and others on the net.

Airline Codes (Trivopaedia)

AA American Airlines
AC Air Canada
AD Lone Star Airlines
AF Air France
AQ Aloha Airlines
AR Aerolineas Argentinas
AS Alaska Airlines
AY Finnair
AZ Alitalia Airlines
BA British Airways
BR Eva Airlines
CA Air China
CI China Airlines
CO Continental
CP Canadian Airlines
CX Cathay Pacific
DL Delta Airlines
EI Aer Lingus
EA European Regions Airlines
F9 Frontier Airlines
FF Tower Air
FI Icelandair
FQ Air Aruba
HA Hawaiian Airlines
HP America West
IB Iberia Airlines
JI Midway Airlines
JL Japan Airlines
JM Air Jamaica
JR AeroCalifornia
KA Dragonair
KE Korean Air
KL KLM Royal Dutch
KP Kiwi International
KW Carnival Airlines
KX Cayman Airlines
LG Luxair
LH Lufthansa
LM Alm-Antillean
LY El-Al (Israel)
MH Malaysian Airlines
MS Egypt Air
MX Mexicana Airlines
NH All Nippon Airways
NW Northwest Airlines
NZ Air New Zealand
OA Olympic Airways
OZ Asiana Airlines
PR Philippine Airlines
QF Qantas Airlines
QQ Reno Air
RG Varig
SA South African Airlines
SK Scandinavian Airlines
SQ Singapore Airlines
SR Swissair
SU Aeroflot
T3 Tristar Airlines
TA Taca Airlines
TE Lithuanian Airlines
TG Thai Airways
TW TWA
TZ American Trans Air
UA United Airlines
US USAir
VS Virgin Atlantic
WV Air South
YV Mesa Airlines
YX Midwest Express
ZK Great Lakes Aviation

Amino Acids/DNA/RNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): 2-stranded, linear polymer made up of repeating units (bases)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): only one strand and the sugar is ribose, not deoxyribose

The DNA bases are:

A - Adenine, T - Thymine (U - Uracil), G - Guanine, C - Cytosine

When replicating, two strands of the parent DNA molecule separate. The replicated daughter strands pair with certain bases. The bases are linked to each other, depending on their structure.

A links with T (or U), G links with C

Types of DNA:

cDNA complementary DNA
ctDNA DNA within chloroplast
dsDNA double-stranded DNA
mtDNA DNA found in mitochondria
rDNA DNA found in ribosomes
ssDNA single-stranded DNA

The bases in RNA are are the same as DNA, except Thymine is replaced with Uracil (U) which links to Adenine.

Type of RNA:

mRNA messenger RNA
nRNA nuclear RNA
sRNA soluble RNA
tRNA transfer RNA

20 Amino Acids are the basis of protein systhesis via mRNA:

Alanine A Ala
Arginine R Arg
Asparagine N Asn
Aspartic Acid D Asp
Cysteine C Cys
Glutamic Acid E Glu
Glutamine Q Gln
Glycine G Gly
Histidine H His
Isoleucine I Ile
Leucine L Leu
Lysine K Lys
Methionine M Met
Phenylalanine F Phe
Proline P Pro
Serine S Ser
Threonine T Thr
Tryptophan W Trp
Tyrosine Y Tyr
Valine V Val

Angels (Trivopaedia)

The nine orders or choirs of angels (in descending order):

Seraphim
Cherubim
Thrones
Dominations/Dominions
Virtues
Powers
Principalities
Archangels
Angels

Angles (Trivopaedia)

90° Right Angle
0° - 90° Acute angle
90° - 180° Obtuse angle.
180° - 360° Reflex angle.

Angles are also sometimes expressed in radians, with 2 * Pi radians representing an entire revolution. A radian is therefore just over 57 degrees.

Pi itself is defined as the ratio of the circumference to the diameter for a circle. See also the separate entry for 'Pi'.

Anniversaries (UK) (Trivopaedia)

1 Paper
2 Cotton
3 Leather
4 Fruit/Flowers
5 Wooden
6 Sugar/Iron
7 Wool/Coppe
8 Bronze/Potter
9 Willow
10 Tin
11 Steel
12 Silk/Linen
13 Lace
14 Ivory
15 Crystal
20 China
25 Silver
30 Pearl
35 Coral
40 Ruby
45 Sapphire
50 Gold
55 Emerald
60 Diamond
70 Platinum

Apollo missions 1-13 (Trivopaedia)

Apollo 1
Launch: - (scheduled for 21.2.1967)
Crew: Virgil Grissom, Ed White, Roger Chaffee
Mission: ?
Duration: -

Remarks:
Apollo 1 crew were tragically lost in fire during pre-launch test on January 27th 1967

Apollo 4
Launch: 09.11.1967
Crew: none
Mission: Demonstrate structural and thermal integrity of launch vehicle and spacecraft.
Duration: 8 h 36 min 59 s

Remarks:
First unmanned flight test of the newly developed Saturn-V rocket. It was a success despite computer failure and fuel leak during the flight.

Apollo 5
Launch: 22.01.1968
Crew: none
Mission: first unmanned flight test of the Lunar Module in earth orbit.
Duration: 8 h 36 min 59 s

Remarks:
The rocket used was a scaled down version of the Saturn V: the Saturn IB. Apollo 5 caught up on some of Apollo 1's flight tests.

Apollo 6
Launch: 04.04.1968
Crew: none
Mission: Demonstrate structure and thermal integrity and compatibility of launch vehicle and spacecraft. Verify operation of Saturn V propulsion, guidance and control, and electrical systems.
Duration: 10 h 22 min 59 s

Remarks:
Second unmanned flight of Saturn V. Early cutoff of S-II engines and overburn of S-IVB engine caused unplanned elliptical orbit.

Apollo 7
Launch: 11.10.1968
Crew: Walter M. Schirra, Don F. Eisele, Walter Cunningham
Mission: first manned mission, 163 earth orbits
Duration: 10 Days 20 h 9 min

Remarks:
Flight with Saturn IB.

Apollo 8
Launch: 21.12.1968
Crew: Frank Bormann, James A. Lovell, William A. Anders
Mission: Mondumfliegung
Duration: 6 Days 3 h 42 s

Remarks:
first manned lunar orbit (with Saturn V)

Apollo 9
Launch: 03.03.1969
Crew: James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, Russel L. Schweickart
Mission: Start of a complete moon flight system in a earth orbit, 151 earth orbits
Duration: 10 Days 1 h 53 s

Lunar Module: Spider
Command and Service Module: Gumdrop

Remarks:
Coupling of Service Module with Lunar Module in a earth orbit.

Apollo 10
Launch: 15.05.1969
Crew: Thomas P. Stafford, John W. Young, Eugene A. Cernan
Mission: first flight to a lunar orbit and simulating the application of the lunar module
Duration: 8 Days 3 min 23 s

Lunar Module: Snoopy
Command and Service Module: Charlie Brown

Remarks:
Lunar Module with astronauts Stafford and Young converged up to 14 kilometers to the lunar surface

Apollo 11
Launch: 16.07.1969 9.32 Uhr
Crew: Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin
Landed on Moon: 20. Juli 1969
First step: 02:56:15 UT July 21, 1969
Landing site: Mare Tranquillitatis (0.67° N, 23.47° E)
Returned to Earth: 24. Juli 1969
Duration: 8 Days 3 h 18 min 35 sec

Lunar Module: Eagle
Command and Service Module: Columbia

Remarks:
First Lunar Landing Mission, one excursion with total time of 2 hours and 15 minutes

Apollo 12
Launch: 14.11.1969
Crew: Charles Conrad, Richard F. Gordon, Alan L. Bean
Landed on Moon: 19. November 1969
Landing site: Oceanus Procellarum (3.01° S, 23.42° W), with distance of only only 183m from the Surveyor III spacecraft.
Returned to Earth: 24. November 1969
Duration: 10 Days 4 h 36 min 24 s
Stay on the moon: 31 h 31 min

Lunar Module: Intrepid
Command and Service Module: Yankee Clipper

Remarks:
Two excursions with total time of 7 hours and 39 minutes.
Apollo 12's mission almost ended seconds after launch. Saturn rocket hit by lightning twice, 32 sec. and 52 sec. after launch temporarily cutting electrical power and telemetry. Seconds after it was up again, Houston decided to continue the mission.

Apollo 13
Launch: 11.04.1970
Crew: James A. Lovell, John L. Swigert, Fred W. Haise
Duration: 5 Days 22 h 54 min 41 s

Lunar Module: Aquarius
Command and Service Module: Odyssey

Remarks:
Explosion in one of the oxygen tanks on the way to the moon, no landing on the moon.

Apollo missions 14-20 (Trivopaedia)

Apollo 14
Launch: 31.01.1971
Crew: Alan B. Shepard, Stuart A. Roosa, Edgar D. Mitchell
Landed on Moon: 5. Februar 1971
Landing site: Fra Mauro (3.65° S, 17.47° W)
Returned to Earth: 9. Februar 1971
Duration: 9 Days 0 Stunden 42 Minuten
Stay on the moon: 33 h 31 min

Lunar Module: Antares
Command and Service Module: Kitty Hawk

Remarks:
Two excursions with total time of 9 hours and 25 minutes.

Apollo 15
Launch: 26.07.1971
Crew: David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, James B. Irwin
Landed on Moon: 30. Juli 1971
Landing site: Hadley-Rille / Apenninen (26.13° N, 3.63° E)
Returned to Earth: 7. August 1971
Duration: 12 Days 7 h 11 min 53s
Stay on the moon: 66 h 55 min

Lunar Module: Falcon
Command and Service Module: Endeavour

Remarks:
Three excursions with total time of 18 hours and 36 minutes, first mission with Lunar Roving Vehicle.

Apollo 16
Launch: 16.04.1972
Crew: John Young, Thomas Mattingly, Charles Duke
Landed on Moon: 21. April 1972
Landing site: Descartes (8.99° S, 15.49° E)
Returned to Earth: 27. April 1972
Duration: 11 Days 1 h 51 min 5 s
Stay on the moon: 71 h 2 min

Lunar Module: Orion
Command and Service Module: Casper

Remarks:
Three excursions with total time of 20 hours and 14 minutes, with the Lunar Roving Vehicle too.

Apollo 17
Launch: 06.12.1972
Crew: Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. Evans, Harrison H. Schmitt
Landed on Moon: 11. Dezember 1972
Landing site: Taurus-Littrow (20.18° N, 30.76° E)
Returned to Earth: 19. Dezember 1972
Duration: 12 Days 13 Stunden 51 Minuten
Stay on the moon: 75 h 0 min

Lunar Module: Challenger
Command and Service Module: America

Remarks:
Three two excursions with total time of 22 hours and 6 minutes, using the Lunar Roving Vehicle too.

Apollo-Sojus (ASTP)
Launch: 15. Juli 1975
Crew: Thomas Stafford, Vance Brand, Donald Slayton
Duration: 12 Days 13 Stunden 51 Minuten

Remarks:
Rendezvous of the separately launched Apollo-Capsule with Soyus 19 (Crew: Alexej A. Leonow and Valerij N. Kubasow) in earth orbit.
The rocket was a Saturn IB for the last time.

Apollo 18 - 20
Originally three more mission should have been performed: Apollo 18, 19 and 20. These were cancelled because of shortenings in NASA's budget.

To preserve at least the successor program Skylab, NASA first cancelled Apollo 20 in January 1970 and then in September Apollo 15 and 19. The remaining missions were renumbered to 15-17.
The following astronauts were expected to take off with Apollo 18-20:

Apollo 18
Commandant: Richard Gordon
Pilot: Vance Brand
Pilot of Lunar Module: Harrison H. Schmitt

Apollo 19
Commandant: Fred W. Haise
Pilot: Willam Pogue
Pilot of Lunar Module: Gerald Carr

Apollo 20
Commandant: Charles Conrad oder Stuart Roosa
Pilot: Paul Weitz
Pilot of Lunar Module: Jack Lousma

Harrison Schmitt became Apollo 17's pilot of the Lunar Module after his mission was cancelled. He replaced Joe Engle who commanded two Shuttle missions.

Vance Brand took part in the Apollo-Soyus (ASTP) and three Shuttle missions.

Charles Conrad and Paul Weitz were the first crew on Skylab.
Jack Lousma was a member of the second Skylab mission, William Pogue and Gerald Carr of the third.

Artificial languages (Trivopaedia)

Esperanto 1887
Idiom Neutral 1902
Ido 1903
Interglossa 1943
Interlingua 1950
Loglan 1955
Niu Tutonish 1906
Novial 1928
Occidental 1922
Pankel ?
Tutonish 1888
Volapuk 1879
Klingon 1985

ASCII standard characters (Trivopaedia)

7 Beep
8 Backspace
9 Tab
10 Line feed
12 Form feed
13 Carriage Return
27 Escape
32 Space
33 !
34 "
35 #
36 $
37 %
38 & (Ampersand)
39 '
40 (
41 )
42 *
43 +
44 ,
45 -
46 .
47 /
48 0
49 1
50 2
51 3
52 4
53 5
54 6
55 7
56 8
57 9
58 :
59 ;
60 < (Less than)
61 =
62 >
63 ?
64 @
65 A
66 B
67 C
68 D
69 E
70 F
71 G
72 H
73 I
74 J
75 K
76 L
77 M
78 N
79 O
80 P
81 Q
82 R
83 S
84 T
85 U
86 V
87 W
88 X
89 Y
90 Z
91 [
92 \
93 ]
94 ^
95 _
96 `
97 a
98 b
99 c
100 d
101 e
102 f
103 g
104 h
105 i
106 j
107 k
108 l
109 m
110 n
111 o
112 p
113 q
114 r
115 s
116 t
117 u
118 v
119 w
120 x
121 y
122 z
123 {
124 |
125 }
126 ~
162 Cent sign
163 Pound sign
165 Yen sign
169 Copyright sign
176 Degree sign
177 Plus-or-minus sign

Astronomical Terms (Trivopaedia)

ABERRATION OF STARLIGHT
Apparent change in the position of a star

APHELION
Point at which an object in solar orbit is farthest from the Sun

APOGEE
Point at which an orbiting object is farthest from the Earth

ARMILLARY SPHERE
Model with rings, used to show relationships among the circles on the celestial sphere

ASTROLABE
Medieval instrument consisting of a graduated vertical circle with a moveable arm, used to determine the altitude of celestial bodies

AZIMUTH
Horizontal bearing of a celestial object measured clockwise from a given direction

CELESTIAL SPHERE
Imaginary sphere around the Earth on which celestial bodies are assumed to lie, for the purpose of finding or identifying their position

CONJUNCTION
Occasion when two celestial bodies line up on the celestial sphere

DECLINATION
Angular measure of a star's position, measured in degrees north and south of the celestial equator

ECLIPTIC
Great circle on the celestial sphere representing the apparent annual path of the Sun relative to the stars

EQUINOX
Instant when the Sun lies directly overhead at the Equator

NADIR
Point in the heavens diametrically opposite the zenith, or directly under an observer

ORRERY
Mechanical model of the solar system

PERIGEE
Point at which an orbiting object is closest to the Earth

PERIHELION
Point at which an object in solar orbit is closest to the Sun

RED SHIFT
Lengthening of the wavelength of light from a receding celestial body

SOLSTICE
Farthest point north or south of the Equator that the Sun reaches each year

SYZYGY
Point in a celestial body's orbit at which it is either in opposition to or in conjunction with the Sun

ZENITH
Point in the heavens directly above an observer

Attraction Signs (Trivopaedia)

Miles of smiles
Get grinning If you want to interest someone across a crowded room, first make sure you are established chatting with your most amusing pals. Each time you smile at their wit, catch the eye of the person you want to attract at the same time. They'll be unconsciously attracted to your smiles and want to come over and join in the fun.

Body moves
Men like to be approached from the side and women prefer to be approached from the front. Lean in towards the person and, if they like you, they will also lean towards you. Start to mirror some of their movements; pick up your drink at the same time, cross or uncross your legs as they do. If they respond in turn, the message may be mutual.

Eye eye
Lingering looks make the world go round. When chatting, we tend to keep our eyes on the speaker and then look away before starting to talk. Each time the talking changes from the other person to you, hold their gaze for as long as you dare before looking away. Short-sighted women are on to a winner because they appear to men to be gazing into their eyes, when in fact it's just a spot of myopia. Dilated pupils suggest you fancy someone, so keep the lights low but don't be deceived by someone else's dark deep eyes; their pupils may be dilated just because they are tired or drunk.

Sounds good
The art of sounding attractive is to speak softly and lower your voice as much as possible, to warm the tone. Sit down if you can so that your voice is more relaxed, but don't lean back, as this changes your tone too much. Men should make their voices as musical as possible, using as varied a range of notes as they can, whereas women have to try not to squeal.

Silent signals
Scents can stun but may mask natural animal attraction. The most mysterious sex signals are our pheromones, which somehow waft through the air. They may be produced from the armpits and are subtle enough to be masked by deodorants, so it's a fine line between sexual attraction and being simply smelly. Decisions, decisions

Balls and their sizes (Trivopaedia)

Sport, Weight (in g), Perimeter (in cm)

Baseball 142-149 22.9-23.5
Basketball 600-650 75.0-80.0
Fistball 300-350 65.0-71.0
Soccer 396-453 68.0-71.0
Golf 45-48 12.6
Handball 400-500 48.0-60.0
Hockey 156-163 23.0-23.5
Netball 400-500 58.0-60.0
Cricket 156-163 22.0
Medicine ball 1.500-3.000 110.0
Rugby 395-425 28.58*17.94
Rounders 70-85 19.0-21.0
Tennis 56.5-58.5 20.0-41.0
Table-tennis 2.4-2.5 11.4-12.1
Water polo 400-450 68.0-71.0

Basic English Prosody (Poetry) (Trivopaedia)

English syllables are often said to be stressed or unstressed or emphasized or not. Linguists say there are actually four degrees of stress in spoken English, from strongest to weakest. But in traditional scansion (the marking of the stresses in lines of poetry) we use only two: weak and strong. In this document, a weak syllable is marked with o and a strong one with x. Thus the word "packet" would be x o while the word "begin" would be o x.

A line of poetry is made up of one or more feet, probably because there is a tendency to tap the toe on a strong beat.

Feet
------
Iamb: An unaccented syllable followed by an accented one: o x
Trochee: One accented and one unaccented syllable: x o
Anapest: Two unaccented syllables followed by one accented syllable: o o x
Dactyl: One accented and two unaccented syllables: x o o
Spondee: Two accented syllables: x x

Lines
-------
Lines are made up of one or more feet, as follows:

monometer one foot
dimeter two feet
trimeter three feet
tetrameter four feet
pentameter five feet
hexameter six feet
septameter seven feet

So "iambic pentameter" means a line consisting of five iambic feet and
"trochaic trimeter" means a line consisting of three trochees.

A Mnemonic
------------------
Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote a little poem as an aid to remembering the feet:

Trochee trips from long to short,
From long to short in solemn sort.
Slow spondee stalks; strong foot yet ill able
Ever to come up with Dactyl tri-syllable.
Iambics march from short to long--
With a leap and a bound the swift Anapests throng.

Poetic Forms
-------------------
Lyric: Short poem expressing personal emotion
Epic: Long narrative poem involving mythology
Ballad: Short poem about a legend or historic event
Ode: Meditative poem of middle length, often about a public event or issue
Satire: According to Samuel Johnson, "a poem in which wickedness or folly is censured"

Sonnet:
----------
Italian (Petrarchan, Miltonic) Sonnet: lyric of 14 lines of iambic pentameter divided into an octet (rhymed abbaabba) and a sestet (rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd)
Spenserian Sonnet: rhymed abab bcbc cdcd ee
English (Elizabethan, Shakesperean) Sonnet: rhymed abab cdcd efef gg

Limerick
------------
5 anapest lines with this scheme:
Lines 1,2,5: [o] o x o o x o o x [o] [o]
Lines 3,4: [o] o x o o x [o] [o]

There was a young lady of Niger.
Who smiled as she rode on a tiger.
They returned from the ride
With the lady inside,
And the smile on the face of the tiger.

German example:
Es gab einen Mann in Holzminden,
der war ein Genie im Erfinden.
Eines Tages erfand
er das Loch ohne Rand.
Ich glaub', das erklärt sein Verschwinden.

Beer measures (Trivopaedia)

Nip ¼ pt
Small ½ pt
Large 1 pt
Flagon 2 pts
Peck 2 gallons (16 pts)
Pin 4½ gallons (36 pts)
Bushel 8 gallons (4 pecks)
Firkin 9 gallons (72 pts)
Anker 10 gallons (80 pts)
Kilderkin 18 gallons (2 firkins)
Barrel 36 gallons (2 kilderkins)
Hogshead 54 gallons (432 pts)
Pipe 128 gallons (4 barrels)
Tun 256 gallons (2 pipes)

Best and worst films ever (Trivopaedia)

The Top 20 best films ever (according to reviewers on the Internet)

1. Gone With the Wind (1939)
2. Star Wars (1977)
3. E.T. (1982)
4. The Ten Commandments (1956)
5. The Sound of Music (1965)
6. Jaws (1975)
7. Doctor Zhivago (1965)
8. Titanic (1997)
9. The Jungle Book (1967)
10. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
11. Ben-Hur (1959)
12. 101 Dalmatians (1961)
13. The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
14. Return of the Jedi (1983)
15. The Exorcist (1973)
16. The Sting (1973)
17. Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
18. Jurassic Park (1993)
19. The Graduate (1967)
20. Fantasia (1940)

Top 20 Highest-grossing films ever (Worldwide, in millions of US dollars)

1. Titanic (1997) $1,835
2. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) $1,118
3. Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) $1,062
4. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001) $976
5. The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) $926
6. Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace (1999) $924
7. Shrek 2 (2004) $920
8. Jurassic Park (1993) $914
9. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) $892
10. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) $876
11. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) $871
12. Finding Nemo (2003) $864
13. Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005) $849
14. Spider-Man (2002) $821
15. Independence Day (1996) $816
16. E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) $792
17. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) $789
18. Lion King, The (1994) $783
19. Spider-Man 2 (2004) $783
20. Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977) $775

The Top 20 Worst films ever made (according to reviewers on the Internet)

1. Plan 9 from Outer Space
2. Attack of the Killer Tomatoes
3. Lawn mower man 2:Jobe's War
4. Friday the 13th, Part IV (The Final Chapter)
5. Santa Claus Conquers the Martians
6. The Passenger
7. Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - The Movie
8. Beavis and Butthead do America
9. Lifeforce
10. Leonard, Part 6
11. Conan the Barbarian
12. The Shadow
13. The Police Academy series
14. CannonBall Run
15. Wolf
16. The Lonely Lady
17. Gettysburg
18. WaterWorld
19. The Rocky Horror Picture Show
20. Dumb and Dumber

Top 20 Most Expensive Films - Budget in Millions of Dollars

1 X-Men: The Last Stand (2006) $210
2 King Kong (2005) $207
3 Superman Returns (2006) $204
4 Titanic (1997) $200
5 Spider-Man 2 (2004) $200
6 The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005) $180
7 Troy (2004) $175
8 Waterworld (1995) $175
9 Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) $175
10 Wild Wild West (1999) $170
11 Poseidon (2006) $160
12 Van Helsing (2004) $160
13 Alexander (2004) $155
14 Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) $150
15 The Polar Express (2004) $150
16 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) $150
17 Tarzan (1999) $150
18 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) $150
19 Mission: Impossible III (2006) $150
20 Casino Royale (2006) $150

Bible - The Apocrypha (Trivopaedia)

Historical Books
I Esdras
II Esdras
Tobit
Judith
The Rest of Esther
I Maccabees
II Maccabees
III Maccabees
IV Maccabees

Poetical Books
Wisdom
Sirach
Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children
Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm 151

Prophetical Books
Baruch
Epistle of Jeremy
History of Susanna
Bel and the Dragon

Bible - The New Testament (Trivopaedia)

The Gospels/The Birth of the Church
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
The Acts

Letters to the Churches
Romans
I Corinthians
II Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
I Thessalonians
II Thessalonians
I Timothy
II Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
I Peter
II Peter
I John
II John
III John
Jude

The Second Coming of Jesus
Revelation

Bible - The Old Testament (Trivopaedia)

The Pentateuch
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy

Historical Books
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
I Samuel
II Samuel
I Kings
II Kings
I Chronicles
II Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther

Poetical Books
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song of Solomon

Major Prophetical Books
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel

Minor Prophetical Books
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi

Bible - Translations (Trivopaedia)

Wycliffe - 1384 AD
Tyndale - 1526 AD
Coverdale - 1535 AD
Matthew - 1537 AD
Great Bible - 1539 AD
Geneva Bible - 1560 AD
Bishop's Bible - 1568 AD
Authorized (King James Version) - 1611 AD
The New Testament in Modern Speech (Weymouth) - 1903 AD
A New Translation of the Bible (Moffatt) - 1913 and 1924 AD
The Complete Bible: an American Translation (Goodspeed) - 1927 AD
The Holy Bible (Knox) - 1944 and 1949 AD
The Revised Standard Version (The Common Bible) - 1946 and 1952 AD
The New World Translation (Jehovah's Witnesses) - 1950 and 1960 AD
The Authentic New Testament (Schonfield) - 1955 AD
The Amplified Bible - 1958 AD
The New Testament in Modern English (Phillips) - 1958 AD
The Holy Bible: The Berkeley Version in Modern English - 1959 AD
The New English Bible - 1961 and 1970 AD
The Jerusalem Bible - 1966 AD
Good News Bible - 1966 and 1976 AD
The Living Bible (Taylor) - 1971 AD
New International Version - 1974 and 1979 AD
New King James Version - 1980 and 1982 AD
The Message (Peterson) - 1993 AD
New Living Translation (Tyndale House) - 1996 AD
English Standard Version - 2001 AD
Holman Christian Standard Bible - 2001 and 2004 AD
Today's New International Version - 2002 and 2005 AD
World English Bible - 2002 to 2005

Biomes (Trivopaedia)

Terrestrial
------------
Selva (Tropical Rainforest)
Semi Deciduous Tropical Rainforest
Tropical Scrub Forest
Savanna (Tropical Grassland)
Desert
Deciduous Forest
Chaparral (Temporate Scrub Forest)
Prairie (Temporate Grassland)
Taiga (Coniferous Forest)
Steppe (Sub-artic Grassland)
Tundra
Undifferentiated Highlands
Ice

Marine
--------
Temperate Coastal Esteries
Current Collision Zones
Ekman Spirals
Polar Seas
Coral Reefs
Kelp
Continental Shelf
Deep Ocean

Birthstones (Trivopaedia)

January Garnet
February Amethyst
March Aquamarine
April Diamond
May Emerald
June Pearl
July Ruby
August Peridot
September Sapphire
October Opal
November Blue Topaz
December Turquoise

Booker Prize Winners (Trivopaedia)

2006 The Inheritance of Loss, Kiran Desai
2005 The Sea, John Banville
2004 The Line of Beauty, Alan Hollinghurst
2003 Vernon God Little, DBC Pierre
2002 Life of Pi, Yann Martel
2001 True History of the Kelly Gang, Peter Carey
2000 The Blind Assassin, Margaret Atwood
1999 Disgrace, J. M. Coetzee
1998 Amsterdam, Ian McEwan
1997 The God of Small Things, Arundhati Roy
1996 Last Orders, Graham Swift
1995 The Ghost Road, Pat Barker
1994 How Late It Was, How Late, James Kelman
1993 Paddy Clark Ha Ha Ha, Roddy Doyle
1992 The English Patient, Michael Ondaatje (co-winner)
Sacred Hunger, Barry Unsworth (co-winner)
1991 The Famished Road, Ben Okri
1990 Possession, A. S. Byatt
1989 The Remains of the Day, Kazuo Ishiguro
1988 Oscar and Lucinda, Peter Carey
1987 Moon Tiger, Penelope Lively
1986 The Old Devils, Kingsley Amis
1985 The Bone People, Keri Hulme
1984 Hotel du Lac, Anita Brookner
1983 Life and Times of Michael K., J. M. Coetzee
1982 Schindler's Ark, Thomas Keneally
1981 Midnight's Children, Salman Rushdie
1980 Rites of Passage, William Golding
1979 Offshore, Penelope Fitzgerald
1978 The Sea, The Sea, Iris Murdoch
1977 Staying On, Paul Scott
1976 Saville, David Storey
1975 Heat and Dust, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala
1974 The Conservationist, Nadine Gordimer (co-winner)
1973 The Siege of Krishnapur, J.G. Farrell
1972 G, John Berger
1971 In a Free State, V.S. Naipaul
1970 The Elected Member, Bernice Rubens
1969 Something to Answer For, P. H. Newby

Boxing Weight Divisions (Trivopaedia)

Listed in Kg/Lbs
Straw weight - 48/105
Mini flyweight - 48/105
Junior flyweight - 49/108
Light flyweight - 49/108
Flyweight - 51/112
Junior Bantam - 52/115
Super flyweight - 52/115
Bantamweight - 54/118
Junior featherweight - 55/122
Super bantamweight - 55/122
Featherweight - 57 - 126
Junior lightweight - 59/130
Super featherweight - 59/130
Lightweight - 61/135
Junior welterweight - 65/140
Super lightweight - 65/140
Welterweight - 67/147
Junior middleweight - 70/154
Super welterweight - 70/154
Middleweight - 73/160
Super middleweight - 76/168
Light heavyweight - 79/175
Cruiserweight - 86/190
Heavyweight - 86+/190+

British Criminal Slang (Trivopaedia)

Dabs - Fingerprints
Dip - Pickpocket
Grass - Police informer
Peterman - Safecracker
Porridge - Inprisonment
Slammer - Prison
Stretch - 1yr prison sentance
Wheelman - Getaway driver

British Titles (Trivopaedia)

Royal Duke Sir
Archbishop Your Grace
Duke Your Grace
Marquis My Lord
Earl My Lord
Viscount My Lord
Bishop My Lord
Baron My Lord
Baronet Sir ... Bt
Knight Sir

BT Phone sockets (Trivopaedia)

1 Not used
2 line (blue)
3 ringer (orange)
4 earth (green)
5 line (white)
6 Not used

Busiest Natural Attractions (US) (Trivopaedia)

Grand Canyon, Arizona
Yellowstone, Wyoming
Niagara Falls, New York
Mount McKinley, Alaska
Sequoias Redwoods, California
Hawaii's Volcanoes
Everglades, Florida

Buying a second hand car (Trivopaedia)

- inspect it in daylight, in dry weather if possible.Use a torch to look underneath for rust, tyre bulges, oil leaks etc.

- check engine oil, it will be reasonably clean if recently serviced.

- look from 20 feet away and check the car is level. If not, the suspension may need attention.

- press hard on each corner in turn. When released, the car should not bounce more than twice. If it does, the shock absorbers need renewing.

- check inside for damp areas indicating water entry and/or rusted floor panels.

- check slack in steering action. More than 2 inches of play indicates a badly worn mechanism.

- check the doors open and close easily. Misalignment could have been caused by accident damage.

- on the test drive, check for a clean exhaust and smooth clutch and gear operation. Check braking pulls the car up smoothly in a straight line.

Caesars (Trivopaedia)

(Life / Ruled)
Julius
102BC-44BC / 49BC-44BC

Augustus
63BC-14AD / 31BC-14AD

Tiberius
42BC-37AD / 14AD-37AD

Caligula
12AD-41AD / 37AD-41AD

Claudius
10BC-54AD / 41AD-54AD

Nero
37AD-68AD / 54AD-68AD

Cannes Festival Golden Palms (Trivopaedia)

2007 - 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days - Cristian Mungiu (RO)
2006 - The Wind That Shakes the Barley, Vincent Cassel
2005 - Le Enfant - Luc & Jean-Pierre Dardenne (B)
2004 - Fahrenheit 9/11 - Michael Moore (US)
2003 - Elephant - Gus Van Sant (US)
2002 - The Pianist - Roman Polanski (Poland)
2001 - La Stanza del figlio - Nanni Moretti (Fr/It)
2000 - Dancer in the Dark - Lars Von Trier
1999 - Rosetta - Luc Jean-Pierre Dardenne (Belgium)
1998 - Mia Eoniotita Ke Mia Mera (Eternity and a day)
- Theo Angelopoulos (Grece)
1997 - Unagi - Shohei IMAMURA (Japan)
- Ta'm E Guilass - Abbas KIAROSTAMI (Iran)
1996 - Secrets et mensonges - Ken Leigh (UK)
1995 - Underground - Emir Kusturica (Yugoslavia)
1994 - Pulp Fiction - Quentin Tarantino (US)
1993 - Farewell My Concubine - Chen Kaige (China)
- The Piano - Jane Campion (New Zeland)
1992 - Den Goda Vilijan (Best Intentions) - Billy August (Denmark)
1991 - Barton Fink - Joel and Ethan Coen (US)
1990 - Wild at Heart - David Lynch (US)
1989 - Sex, Lies and videotapes - Steven Soderbergh (US)
1988 - Pelle the Conqueror (Pell Erobreren) - Billy August (Denmark)
1987 - Sous le Soleil de Satan - Maurice Pialat (France)
1986 - Mission - Roland Joffé (UK)
1985 - When Father was away on business (Otak Na Sluzbenom Putu) - Emir Kusturica (Yougoslavia)
1984 - Paris, Texas - Wim Wenders (US)
1983 - The ballad of Narayama (Narayama Bushi Ko) - Shohei Immamura (Japan)
1982 - Yol -Yilmaz Güney, Serif Gören (Turk)
- Missing - Costa-Gavras (US)
1981 - Man of Iron (Czolowieck z Zelaga) - Andrzej Wajda (Poland)
1980 - Kagemusha - Akira Kurosawa (Japan)
- All That Jazz - Bob Fosse (US) ex-aequo
1979 - Apocalypse Now - Francis Ford Coppola (US)
- Die Blechtrommel - Volker Schlöndorff (Germany) ex-aequo
1978 - The Tree of Wooden Clogs - Ermanno Olmi (Italy)
1977 - Padre Padrone - Paulo Vittorio Taviani (Italy)
1976 - Taxi Driver - Martin Scorcese (US)
1975 - Chronicles of the Burning Years (Ahdat Sanawouach Eldjamr) - Mohammed Lakhdar Hamina (Algeria)
1974 - The Conversation - Francis Ford Coppola (US)
1973 - Scarecrow - Jerry Schatzberg (US)
- The Hireling (La méprise) - Alan Bridges ex-aequo
1972 - The Mattei Affair - Francesco Rossi (Italy)
- The working class goes to heaven - Elio Petri (Italy)
1971 - The Go-Between - Joseph Losey (UK)
1970 - M.A.S.H. - Robert Altman (US)
1969 - If - Lindsay Anderson (UK)
1968 - No festival
1967 - Blow Up - Michelangelo Antonioni (Italy)
1966 - Un homme et une femme - Claude Lelouch (France)
- The Birds, the Bees, and the Italians (Signore et Signori) - Pietro Germi (Italy) ex-aequo
1965 - The Knack - Richard Lester (UK)
1964 - Les Parapluies de Cherbourg - Jacques Demy (France)
1963 - The Leopard - Luchino Visconti (Italy)
1962 - The Given Word - Duarte
1961 - Viridiana - L. Buñuel (Spain)
- Une aussi Longue absence - Henri Colpi (France) ex-aequo
1960 - La Dolce Vita - Frederico Fellini (Italy)
1959 - Orfeu Negro (Black Orpheus) - Marcel Camus (France)
1958 - The Cranes are Flying (Letiat Zhuravli) - Mikhail Kalatozov (USSR)
1957 - Friendly Persuasion (La loi du Seigneur) - William Wyler
1956 - The Silent world (Le Monde du silence) - J.Y. Cousteau/L. Malle (France)
1955 - Marty - Delbert Mann

Car Stopping Distances (Trivopaedia)

Speed - Thinking + Stopping= Total Distance

20MPH - 6 metres + 6 metres = 12 metres (40 feet) 3 cars
30MPH - 9 metres + 14 metres = 23 metres (75 feet) 6 cars
40MPH - 12 metres + 24 metres = 36 metres (120 feet) 9 cars
50MPH - 15 metres + 38 metres = 53 metres (175 feet) 13 cars
60MPH - 18 metres + 55 metres = 73 metres (240 feet) 18 cars
70MPH - 21 metres + 75 metres = 96 metres (315 feet) 24 cars

(average car length = 4 metres)

Carry On Films (Trivopaedia)

Sergeant 1958
Teacher 1959
Nurse 1959
Constable 1960
Regardless 1961
Cruising 1962
Cabby 1963
Spying 1964
Jack 1964
Cleo 1964
Cowboy 1965
Screaming 1966
Don't Lose Your Head 1966
Follow That Camel 1967
Doctor 1968
Up the Khyber 1968
Camping 1969
Again, Doctor 1969
Loving 1970
Up the Jungle 1970
Henry 1971
At Your Convenience 1971
Matron 1972
Abroad 1972
Girls 1973
Dick 1974
Behind 1975
England 1976
Emmannuelle 1978
Columbus 1992

Champagne Bottles (Trivopaedia)

Baby (1/8)
Nip (1/4)
Bottle
Magnum (2)
Jeroboam (4)
Rehoboam (6)
Methuselah (8)
Salamanazar (12)
Balthazar (16)
Nebuchadnezzar (20)

Chess World Champions (Trivopaedia)

1866 - Wilhelm Steinitz (A/USA)
1894 - Emmanuel Lasker (D)
1921 - José Raoul Capablanca (C)
1927 - Alex Alejechin (RUS)
1935 - Max Euwe (NL)
1937 - Alex Alejechin (RUS)
1948 - Mikhail Botwinnik (RUS)
1957 - Wassili Smyslov (RUS)
1958 - Mikhail Botwinnik (RUS)
1960 - Mihail Tal (LV)
1961 - Mikhail Botwinnik (RUS)
1963 - Tigran Petrosjan (AR)
1969 - Boris Spassky (RUS/F)
1972 - Bobby Fisher (USA)
1975 - Anatoly Karpov (RUS)
1985 - Garry Kasparov (RUS)
1993 - Anatoly Karpov (RUS)
1999 - Alexander Chalifman (RUS)
2000 - Viswanathan Anand (IND)
2002 - Ruslan Ponomariov (Ukraine)
2004 - Rustam Kasimdzhanov (Uzbekistan)
2005 - Veselin Topalov (Bulgaria)
2006 - Vladimir Kramnik (Russia)
2007 - Viswanathan Anand (IND)

Chinese Chronology (Trivopaedia)

3500BC Long Shan culture
1600BC Shang
1045BC Zhou
453BC Warring States
221BC Qin
202BC Han
220 Empire breaks up
589 Sui
618 Tang
947 Liao
960 Song
1271 Yuan
1368 Ming
1644 Qing (Manchu)
1911 Sun Yat Sen
1926 Chiang Kai Shek
1949 Communist

Chinese Horoscope (Trivopaedia)

Rat, Ox, Tiger, Hare, Dragon, Snake
Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Hen, Dog, Pig

Rat Years: 1900, 1912, 1924, 1936, 1948, 1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, 2008

Note: Chinese New Year is on a Lunar Cycle (starts on the New Moon in Aquarius) hence the match to western years is not exact.

Circular Measurements (Trivopaedia)

DEGREES:
N: 90°
S: 270°
E: 0°, 360°
W: 180°

GRADS:
N: 100
S: 300
E: 0, 400
W: 200

RADIANS:
N: Pi/2
S: 3Pi/2
E: 0, 2Pi
W: Pi

1° = 1/360 of a circle 1 grad = 1/400 of a circle = 0.9° 1 radian = 57.3°

Collective nouns (Trivopaedia)

Ambush: Tigers, Widows
Army: Soldiers, Frogs, Caterpillars
Assembly: People
Bale: Turtles
Band: Jays, Gorillas
Bank: Swans
Barren: Mules
Bask: Crocodiles
Batch, Caste: Bread
Bazaar: Murres
Bellowing: Bullfinches
Bench: Bishops, Magistrates
Bevy: Roe Deer, Quails, Larks, Pheasants, Ladies, Swans, Otters, Birds
Bloat: Hippopotamuses
Board: Directors
Bob: Seals
Bouquet: Pheasants
Brace: (a pair) Ducks
Brood: Chickens, Ducks, Pheasants
Building: Rooks
Bunch: Wigeon
Bundle: Rags
Bury: Rabbits
Business Ferrets
Cartload: Monkeys
Cast: Falcons, Hawks, Ferrets
Cete, Sett, Set: Badgers
Charm: Goldfinches, Hummingbirds
Chattering: Choughs, Goldfinches, Hummingbirds
Chine: Polecats
Clamour: Rooks
Clattering: Choughs
Cloud: Gnats
Clowder: Cats
Clump: Trees
Cluster: Grapes, Nuts, Stars, Cats
Clutch: Eggs
Clutter: Cats
Coil: Teal, Wigeon
Collection: Pictures, Curiosities
College: Cardinals
Colony: Gulls, Herons, Beavers, Rabbits, Frogs, Badgers, Rats, Seals, Penguins
Company: Wigeon, Moles
Congregation: People, Plovers, Birds
Convocation: Eagles
Coven: Witches
Covert: Coots
Covey: Grouse, Quail, Woodcock, Partridges, Ptarmigan
Crash: Rhinoceros, Seals
Crew: Sailors
Crowd: People
Cry: Hounds
Deceit, Desert: Lapwings
Descent: Woodpeckers
Destruction: (of wild) Cats
Den: Snakes
Dignity: Canons
Diligence: Messengers
Dissimulation: Birds
Dole: Doves, Turkeys
Doping: Sheldrake
Dopping: (diving) Ducks
Dout: (of wild) Cats
Down: Hares, Sheep
Drift: Swans, Swine
Drove: Horses, Cattle, Beasts, Kine, Hares, Ass, Donkeys, Sheep
Drum: Party of People, Goldfinches, Hummingbirds
Drunkship: Cobblers
Dule: Doves, Turkeys
Earth: Foxes
Erst: Bees
Exaltation: Larks
Fall: Woodcock
Family: Otters
Farrow: (of piglets)
Federation: Trade Unions
Fell: Hair
Fesnying: Ferrets
Field: Runners
Firm: Partners
Fleet: Ships
Flight: Bees, Birds, Stairs, Doves, Ducks, Woodcock, Pigeons
Flock: Birds, Sheep, Geese, Pheasants, Goats, Pigeons, Turkeys
Flourish: Strumpets
Flush: Mallards, Ducks
Fluther: Jellyfish
Fold: Sheep
Forest: Trees
Gaggle: Geese
Galaxy: Astronomers, Beauties
Gam: Whales
Game: Swans
Gang: Slaves, Prisoners, Thieves, Elk
Gathering: Clans
Glaring: Cats
Glozing: Taverners
Grist: Grain
Haggle: Shopkeepers
Harass: Horses
Harem: Seals
Haul: Fish In A Net
Head: Cattle
Herd: Ass, Boar, Cattle, Curlews, Deer, Donkeys, Elephants, Goats, Horses, Kangaroos, Pigs, Sheep, Swans, Swine, Seals, Walrus, Whales, Wolves, Zebra
Hive: Bees
Host: Men, Angels, Sparrows
House: Senators
Hover: Crows, Trout
Hurtle: Sheep
Husk: Hares
Incredibility: Cuckolds
Kennel: Dogs, Hounds
Kindle: Kittens, Hares, Rabbits
Knob: Teal, Wigeon
Knot: Toads
Labour: Moles
Lead: Foxes
Leap: Leopards
Leash: (set of 3) Deer, Hares, Hawks, Plovers
Legion: "Foul Fiends"
Lepe: Leopards
Library: Books
Litter: Pigs, Whelps, Kittens, Dogs
Malapertness: Pedlars
Match: Nightingales
Menagerie: Wild Beasts
Mob: Roughs, Wild Cattle, Kangaroos
Movement: Moles
Multiplying: Husbands
Multitude: Men (In Law, More Than Ten)
Murder: Crows
Murmuration: Starlings
Muster: Peacocks, Penguins
Mutation: Thrushes
Mute: Hounds, Hares
Nest: Rabbits, Ants, Pheasants, Vipers, Snakes
Nide: Pheasants, Geese
Nursery: Trees, Shrubs
Nye: Trees, Shrubs, Pheasants
Obeisance: Servants
Obstinacy: Buffalo
Ostentation: Peafowl
Pack: Hounds, Dogs, Playing Cards, Grouse, Mules, Wolves
Pace: Ass, Donkeys
Paddling: Ducks (on water)
Panel: Jurymen
Pandemonium: Devils, Parrots
Parcel: Deer (hinds), Penguins
Parade: Elephants
Parcel: Bachelors
Parliament: Owls, Rooks
Party: Jays
Pencil Rays
Pile: Books, Wood
Pit: Vipers, Snakes
Pitying: Doves
Plump: Birds (of wild fowl), Ducks (in flight), Woodcock
Pod: Whales, Seals, Walrus, Birds
Pontification: Priests
Prettying: Doves
Pride: Lions, Peafowl
Prudence: Vicars
Puddling: Mallards (on water)
Quarrel: Sparrows
Rabble: Men (ill-Bred And ill-Clad)
Raffle: Turkeys
Raft: Coots, Logs, Teal, Turkeys
Rafter: Turkeys
Race/Rag/Rake: Horse (of colts), Mules
Rookery: Rooks, Seals, Penguins
Rope: Onions
Rouleau: Money
Rout: Wolves
Ruck: Coal
Safe: Ducks
Sault: Lions
School: Whales, Porpoises
Scourge: Mosquitoes
Sedge/Sege: Herons, Cranes, Bitterns
Set: China, Articles
Sheaf: Arrows
Shoal: Mackerel, Fish
Shock: Hair, Corn
Shrewdness: Apes
Siege: Cranes, Herons, Bitterns
Singular: Boars
Skein: Ducks, Thread, Geese (in flight)
Skulk: Foxes, Thieves
Sloth: Bears
Smuck, Smack: Jellyfish
Sord: Mallards
Sounder/Sownder: Swine, Boar, Swans, Pigs
Sowse: Lions
Spring: Teal
Span: Mules
Squadron: Swans
Stable: Horses
Stack: Corn, Hay, Wood
Staff: Servants
Stalk: Foresters
Stand: Flamingoes
Stare: Owls
String: Horses
Stud: Mares
Suit: Clothes, Sails
Suite: Rooms
Sute: Mallards (on land)
Swarm: Bees, Locusts, Flies
Tabernacle: Bakers
Take: Fish
Team: Oxen, Horses, Animals, Ducklings, Seals
Tiding: Magpies
Tittering: Magpies
Trace: Hares, Monkeys
Trembling: Finches
Tribe: Goats, Sparrows
Trimming: Finches
Trip: Hares, Sheep, Goats
Troop: Antelopes, Baboons, Monkeys, Horse, Kangaroos, Lions
Troubling: Goldfinches, Hummingbirds
Turmoil: Porpoises
Turn: Turtles
Unemployment: Graduates
Unkindness: Ravens
Volary: Birds
Volley: Birds
Walk: Snails, Snipe
Watch: Nightingales
Wedge: Swans
Whack: Spoils
Whisper: Snipe
Whiteness: Swans
Wilderness: Monkeys
Wing: Plovers
Wisp: Snipe
Yoke: Oxen
Zeal: Zebras

Collectors (Trivopaedia)

Autographs - Philographist
Dolls - Plangonologist
Books - Bibliophilist
Shells - Onchologist
Coins - Numismatist
Stamps - Philatelist
Matchbox Labels - Phillumenist
Postcards - Deltiologist
Keyrings - Copoclephilist
Teddy Bears - Archtophilist
Medieval Books on Animals - Bestiarist
Cigar Bands - Brandophilist
Shells - Conchologist (NOT 'Onchologist' !)
Bird's Eggs - Dologist
Butterflies - Lepidopterist
Phonograph records - Phonophile
Recipes - Receptarist
Subway Tokens - Vecturist
Banners or Flags - Vexillologist

Common Cloud Types (Trivopaedia)

High Clouds;
Cirrus (Ci), 20 - 40,000
- "Mares' tails"
- Bad weather coming
Cirrostratus (Cs), 20, 000
- Showers or rain soon
Cirrocumulus (Cc), 18 - 20, 000
- "Mackerel skies"
- Unsettled weather

Middle Clouds;
Altostratus (As), 15 - 20, 000
- Rain likely
Altocumulus (Ac), 10, 000
- Sunny periods

Low Clouds;
Stratus (St), 100 - 300
- Drizzle coming
Stratocumulus (Sc), 1,500 - 6,500
- Dry but dull weather
Nimbostratus (Ns), 100 - 3, 000
- Rain imminent

Vertically Developing Clouds;
Cumulus (Cu), 2 - 10, 000
- "Woolpack"
- Sunny spells
Cumulonimbus (Cb), 5 - 50, 000
- "Thunderheads"
- Showers and thunder

Common laws (Trivopaedia)

Murphy's Law:
If anything can go wrong, it will!

Brook's Law:
Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later.

Jones's Law:
The man who can smile when things go wrong has thought of someone he can blame it on.

First Law of Debate:
Never argue with a fool--people might forget who's who.

Biondi's Law:
If your project doesn't work, look for the part you didn't think was important.

Ducharme's Precept:
Opportunity always knocks at the least opportune moment.

Perrussel's Law:
There is no job so simple that it cannot be done wrong.

Vile's Law of Communication:
No one is listening until you make a mistake.

Seay's Law:
Nothing ever comes out as planned.

Westheimer's Rule:
To estimate the time it takes to do a task, estimate the time you think it should take, multiply by two, and change the unit of measure to the next highest unit. Thus, we allocate two days for a one-hour task.

Cheop's Law:
Nothing ever gets built on schedule or within budget.

Ninety-Ninety Rule of Project Schedules:
The first ninety percent of the task takes ten percent of the time; the last ten percent takes the other ninety percent.

Sevareid's Law:
The chief cause of problems is solutions.

Schopenhauer's Law of Entropy:
If you put a spoonful of wine in a barrel full of sewage, you get sewage. If you put a spoonful of sewage in a barrel full of wine, you get sewage.

Juhani's Law:
The compromise will always be more expensive than either of the suggestions it is compromising.

Weinberg's First Law:
Progress is made on alternate Fridays.

Malek's Law:
Any simple idea will be worded in the most complicated way.

Gummidge's Law: The amount of expertise varies in inverse proportion to the number of statements understood by the general public.

Shaw's Principle:
Build a system a fool can use, and only a fool will want to use it.

Heller's Law:
The first theorem of management is that it exists.

The Law of Volunteering:
If you dance with a grizzly bear, you had better let him lead.

The Law of Avoiding Oversell:
When putting cheese in a mousetrap, always leave room for the mouse.

The Law of Common Sense:
Never accept a drink from a urologist.

The Law of Reality:
Never get into fights with ugly people, they have nothing to lose.

The Law of Self Sacrifice:
When you starve with a tiger, the tiger starves last.

The Law of Motivation:
Creativity is great, but plagiarism is faster.

Boob's Law:
You always find something in the last place you look.

Weiler's Law:
Nothing is impossible for the man who doesn't have to do it himself.

Law of Probable Dispersal:
Whatever hits the fan will not be evenly distributed.

Law of Drunkenness:
You can't fall off the floor.

Law of Volunteer Labor:
People are always available for work in the past tense.

Conway's Law:
In any organization there is one person who knows what is going on. That person must be fired.

Iron Law of Distribution:
Them that has, gets.

Law of Cybernetic Entomology:
There is always one more bug.

Osborne's Law:
Variables won't; constants aren't.

Main's Law:
For every action there is an equal and opposite government program.

Weinberg's Second Law:
If builders built buildings the way programmers wrote programs, then the first woodpecker that came along would have destroyed civilization.

1st Law of Holes:
First step in getting out of the hole your dug for yourself is to stop digging.

2nd Law of Holes:
If a boss digs himself into a hole, all subordinates are expected to jump in with him.

3rd Law of Holes:
If a subordinate digs a hole, never expect the boss to jump in with him.

4th Law of Holes:
If you expect to miss the holes others have left in your path to success, stop looking back at the ones you just climbed out of.

Commonwealth Nations (Trivopaedia)

Antigua Barbuda
Australia
Bahamas
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belize
Botswana
Brunei
Cameroon
Canada
Cyprus
Dominica
Gambia
Ghana
Grenada
Guyana
India
Jamaica
Kenya
Kiribati
Lesotho
Malawi
Malasia
Maldives
Malta
Mauritius
Nauru
New Zealand
Nigeria
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
St Kitts Nevis
St Lucia
St Vincent Grenadines
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Swaziland
Tanzania
Tongo
Trinidad Tobago
Tuvalu
Uganda
United Kingdom
Vanuatu
Samoa
Zambia
(Nigeria suspended 1995)

Composition of the Universe (Trivopaedia)

Hydrogen 92.7%
Helium 7.2%
Oxygen 0.05%
Neon 0.02%
Nitrogen 0.015%
Carbon 0.008%

Constellations (Trivopaedia)

Andromeda
Aquarius/Water Bearer
Aquila/Eagle
Aries/Ram
Auriga/Charioteer
Boötes/Herdsman
Cancer/Crab
Capricornus/Goat
Cassiopeia
Cepheus
Cetud
Crux/The Southern Cross
Cygnus/Swan
Draco/Dragon
Gemini/Twins
Leo/Lion
Libra/Scales
Orion
Pegasus/The Flying Horse
Perseus
Pisces/Fish
Sagittarius/Archer
Scorpius/Scorpion
Taurus/Bull
Ursa Major/Great Bear
Ursa Minor/ Little Bear
Virgo/Virgin

Conversions - area (Trivopaedia)

1 Acre 0.4047 Hectares
1 Hectare 2.471 Acre

1 Sq. Cm 0.155 Sq. In
1 Sq. In 6.4516 Sq. Cm

1 Sq. Foot 0.0929 Sq. Mt
1 Sq. Metre 10.7639 Sq. Feet

1 Sq. Km 0.386 Sq Mile
1 Sq. Mile 2.58999 Sq. Km

1 Sq. Yard 0.836 Sq. Mt

Conversions - distance (Trivopaedia)

1 cm 0.3937 In
1 In 2.54 cm
1 Foot 0.3048 m
1 m 3.2808 Foot
1 km 0.6214 Miles
1 Mile 1.6093 km
1 m 1.0936 Yards
1 Yard 0.9144 m

Conversions - Energy and Power (Trivopaedia)

1 BTU 252.0 Calories
1 Calorie 0.003968 BTU

1 BTU 1055.06 Joules
1 Joule 0.000948 BTU

1 Calorie 4.186 Joules
1 Joule 0.238892 Calories

1 English horsepower (hp) = 550ft*lbf/s = 745.7 Watt
1 metric horsepower (german: PS pferdestärke, french: CV cheval-vapeur)
=75kpm/s = 735.5 W

Conversions - volume (Trivopaedia)

1 Fl. Oz. 0.0284 L
1 L 35.1961 Fl. Oz.
1 UK Gall. 1.2 US Gall.
1 US Gall 0.83333 UK Gall.
1 UK Gall. 4.546 L
1 L 0.220 UK Gall
1 L 1.7598 Pt.
1 Pt. 0.5680 L
1 Cub. Mt. 1.308 Cub. Yd.
1 Cub. Yd. 0.764 Cub. Mt.
1 UK Pint 20 fl. oz
1 US Cup 8 fl. oz
1 US Pint 2 Cups = 16 fl. oz

Conversions - weight (Trivopaedia)

1 Gram 0.0352 Oz
1 Ounce 28.3495 g
1 Cwt 50.8023 Kg
1 Kg 0.0197 Cwt
1 Kg 2.204 Lb
1 Lb 0.45408 Kg
1 Lb 0.071429 St
1 St 14 Lb
1 Tonne 0.9842 Tons
1 Ton 1.016 Tonnes

Cricket Dismissals (Trivopaedia)

Bowled
Caught
Leg Before Wkt (LBW)
Stumped
Run Out
Handled Ball
Hit Ball Twice
Hit Wkt
Obstructed Field
Timed Out

Daily naval toasts (Trivopaedia)

Mon - Our ships at sea
Tue - Our men
Wed - Ourselves
Thu- A bloody war and a sickly season
Fri - A willing foe and searoom
Sat - Sweethearts and wives
- may they never meet
Sun - Absent friends

Days of the week (Trivopaedia)

Monday's child is fair of face
Tuesday's child is full of grace
Wednesday's child is full of woe
Thursday's child has far to go
Friday's child is loving giving
Saturday's child works hard for a living
And the child that is born on the the Sabbath day is bonny and blithe and good and gay.

Death Risks (Trivopaedia)

(Extra deaths per 100000 people)

2000 Motorcycling
500 Smoking
400 Deep sea fishing
120 Car racing
24 Mining
20 Farm workers
17 Car driving
14 Rock climbing
8 Accident at home
6 Influenza
6 Being run over
4 Playing football
2 Contraceptive pills
.01 Lightning strike
.02 Bitten by snakes
.002 Hit by falling aircraft
.00006 Hit by meterorite

Deck of Cards (Trivopaedia)

Ace 1 God
Deuce Bible divided into two parts - Old & New
Trey The Trinity - Father, Son, & Holy Ghost
4 Gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke, John
5 5 wise virgins & 5 foolish ones
6 In six days God made the Heaven & the Earth
7 On the 7th day He rested
8 Chosen people survived the flood - Noah & wife; 3 sons & 3 wives
9 Lepers were cleansed
10 Commandments given to Moses
KING 1 King in Heaven
QUEEN Blessed Virgin
JACK/KNAVE Devil

No. of spots on cards 365 (days in year)
Cards in pack 52 (weeks in year)
No. of Suits 4 (weeks in month)
No. of Picture cards 12 (months in year)

Deck of Cards - Bible, Almanac, Prayer Book

Decorations and medals (Trivopaedia)

AFC Air Force Cross
AFM Air force Medal
AM Albert Medal
CGM Conspicuous Gallantry Medal
DFC Distinguished Flying Cross
DFM Distinguished Flying Medal
DSC Distinguished Service Cross
DSM Distinguished Service Medal
GC George Cross
GM George Medal
DCM Medal for Distinguished Conduct in the Field
MC Military Cross
MM Military Medal
DSO Distinguished Service Order
VC Victoria Cross

Deepest Caves (Trivopaedia)

Name (Location) / Metres

Veronja Cave (Georgia)
1710 m

Lamprechtsofen-Vogelschacht (Austria)
1632 m

Gouffre Mirolda/Lucien Bouclier (France)
1610 m

Réseau Jean Bernard (France)
1602 m

Torca del Cerro (Spain)
1589 m

Shakta Vjacheslav Pantjukhina (Georgia)
1508 m

Sistema Huautla (Mexico)
1475 m

Sistema del Trave (Spain)
1441 m

Boj-Bulok (Uzbekistan)
1415 m

(Il)laminako Aterneko Leizea (Spain)
1408 m

Sustav Lukina jama (Croatia)
1392 m

Sistema Cheve (Mexico)
1386 m

Ceki 2 (Cehi II) "la Vendetta" (Slovenia)
1380 m

Evren Gunay Düdeni (Turkey)
1377 m

Snezhnaya-Mezhonnogo (Georgia)
1370 m

San Augustin (Mexico)
1353m

Reseau de la Pierre Saint Martin (France/Spain)
1342 m

Siebenhengste-hohgant-Höhlensystem (Switzerland)
1340 m

Slovacka Jama (Croatia)
1305 m

Cosanostraloch-Berger-Platteneck Höhle (Austria)
1291 m

Gouffre Berger (France)
1278 m

Schwersystem (Austria)
1219m

Abisso Olivifer (Italy)
1210m

Veliko Fbrego (Yugoslavia)
1198m

Anou Ifflis (Algeria)
1159m

Definition of Life (Trivopaedia)

Living Organisms:

1) Are highly organized; their various body functions are directly linked together

2) Are chemically different form their surrounding environment

3) Take in energy from the surrounding environment and use it for their own energy

4) Have the capacity to reproduce themselves and to produce offspring that closely resemble the adult

5) Can respond to surrounding stimuli

6) Are particularly suited to their environment

7) Usually can adapt to changes in their surroundings

8) Are composed of carbon-based organic molecules

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition

Dewey Decimal Classification (Trivopaedia)

For cataloguing Library books

000 Computers
010 Bibliography
020 Library Science
030 Encyclopedias
040 Unassigned
050 Magazines
060 Organizations, museums
070 Journalism
080 General collections
090 Manuscripts, rare books
100 Philosophy
110 Metaphysics
120 Epistemology
130 Paranormal Phenomena
140 Specific philosophies
150 Psychology
160 Logic
170 Ethics
180 Ancient philosophy
190 Modern philosophy
200 Religion
210 Natural theology
220 Bible
230 Christian theology
240 Christian moral theology
250 Christian orders
260 Christian social theology
270 Christian Church History
280 Christian denominations
290 Other religions
300 Social Science
310 General statistics
320 Political science
330 Economics
340 Law
350 Public administration
360 Social services
370 Education
380 Commerce, transport
390 Customs, folklore
400 Language
410 Linguistics
420 English
430 German
440 French
450 Italian, Romanian
460 Spanish, Portuguese
470 Latin
480 Classical Greek
490 Other languages
500 Science
510 Mathematics
520 Astronomy
530 Physics
540 Chemistry
550 Earth sciences
560 Paleontology
570 Life sciences
580 Botany
590 Zoology
600 Technology
610 Medicine
620 Engineering
630 Agriculture
640 Home economics
650 Management
660 Chemical engineering
670 Manufacturing
680 Specific industries
690 Buildings
700 Arts, Entertainment
710 Civic landscape art
720 Architecture
730 Plastic arts, Sculpture
740 Drawing, decorative arts
750 Painting
760 Graphic arts, Printmaking
770 Photography
780 Music
790 Recreation, performing arts
800 Literature
810 American
820 English
830 German
840 French
850 Italian, Romanian
860 Spanish, Portuguese
870 Latin
880 Classical Greek
890 Other literatures
900 Geography History
910 Geography travel
920 Biography, genealogy
930 History of ancient world
940 History of Europe
950 History of Asia
960 History of Africa
970 History of North America
980 History of South America
990 History of other areas

DDC System is copyrighted by OCLC Forest Press

Distances in Light speed (Trivopaedia)

The time taken for light to reach these places

Moon - 1.26 seconds
Sun - 8 mins 17 secs
Pluto - 5 hours 20 mins
Nearest star - 4.22 Years
Furthest star in our galaxy - 62700 years
Furthest vivible star - 2309000 years
Edge of universe - 14000000000 years

Doctor Who (Trivopaedia)

The BBC Series.
(figures in brackets are number of episodes starred in)

1963-1966 William Hartnell. (134)
1966-1969 Patrick Troughton. (119)
1970-1974 Jon Pertwee. (128)
1974-1981 Tom Baker. (172)
1981-1984 Peter Davison. (69)
1984-1986 Colin Baker. (31)
1987-1989 Slyvester McCoy. (42)
2005-present David Tennant. (26)

(1983)
Richard Hurndall played The First Doctor in "The Five Doctors," due to death of William Hartnell.

The US Pilot.
1997 Paul McGann

The Films
* Dr Who And The Daleks.
* The Dalek Invasion of Earth 2150 AD.
Both with Peter Cushing.

Earth's Eras (Trivopaedia)

Era
---
Period
-Epoch Begin Mio. Years

Cenozoic Era
-------------
Flowering Plants, Grasses, Insects, Fishes, Birds, Mammals

Quaternary
-Holocene 0.01
-Pleistocene 1.7
Tertiary
-Pliocene 5
-Miocene 23
-Oligocene 34
-Eocene 55
-Paleocene 65

Mesozoic Era
-------------
Reptiles, Dinosaurs

Cretaceous
-Late Cretac. 95
-Early Cretac. 135
Jurassic
-Malm 160
-Dogger 185
-Lias 205
Triassic
-Keuper 230
-Muscheltalk 245
-Buntsandstein 250

Paleozoic Era
-------------
first Land Plants, Fishes, Amphibians, Insects
The end of the Permian marks the biggest extinction of all time.

Permian
-Late Permian 270
-Early Permian 290
Carboniferous
-Pennsylvanian 325
-Mississippian 355
Devonian
-Late D. 375
-Middle D. 390
-Early D. 410
Silurian
-Late Silurian 420
-Early Silurian 435
Ordovician
-Late O. 450
-Middle O. 470
-Early O. 480
Cambrian
-Late C. 490
-Middle C. 510
-Early C. 540

Precambrian Era
-----------------
Bacteria, Eucaryotic Cells

Proterozoic
-Neoprot. 1000
-Mesoprot. 1600
-Paleoprot. 2500
Archaean
-Neoarch. 2800
-Mesoarch. 3200
-Paleoarch. 3600
-Eoarch. 3800

Azoikum 4600

Earth's Structure (Trivopaedia)

(km from surface)

Atmosphere 0-
Exosphere above 500-1000
Thermosphere above 640
Mesopause 85
Mesosphere -85
Stratopause 50
Stratosphere -50
Tropopause 11
Troposphere 0-7
(Thickness varies between poles and tropes from 7 to 17 km)

Oceanic Crust 0-6
Continental Crust 0-40

Mantle 20-2900
Moho 20-120
Upper Mantle 20-400
400km Discontinuity 400
Transition Region 400-650
650km Discontinuity 650
Lower Mantle 650-2740
D" 2740-2900

Core 2900-6370
Outer Core 2900-5200
Inner Core 5200-6370

Egg Sizes (Trivopaedia)

Very large (XL): over 73g
Large (L): 63-73g
Medium (M): 53-63g
Small (S): under 53g

Old method:
Size Weight
0 over 75g
1 70-75g
2 65-70g
3 60-65g
4 55-60g
5 50-55g
6 45-50g
7 under 45g

Egyptian Chronology (Trivopaedia)

Year / Name / Numeric

3200BC I-II
2664BC Old Kingdom III-VIII
2154BC First Intermediate IX-XI
2052BC Middle Kingdom XII
1785BC Second Intermediate XIII-XVII
1554BC New Kingdom XVIII-XX
1075BC Third Intermediate XXI-XXVI
525BC Persian XXVII-XXXI
332BC Ptolemeic
32BC Roman
395 Byzantine
642 Arab
1260 Mamelukes
1517 Ottoman
1804 Independent
1882 British
1953 United Arab Republic

English Letter Frequencies (Trivopaedia)

E 12.6%
T 9.6%
A 8.1%
O 7.9%
N 7.2%
I 7.2%
S 6.6%
R 6.0%
H 5.1%
L 4.0%
D 3.7%
C 3.2%
U 3.1%
P 2.3%
M 2.2%
W 2.0%
Y 1.9%
B 1.6%
G 1.6%
V 0.9%
K 0.5%
Q 0.2%
X 0.2%
J 0.1%
Z 0.1%

Equations - Circular Motion (Trivopaedia)

Velocity = radius * angular velocity (the latter in radians per
second)

Centripetal acceleration = radius * angular velocity2

Escape velocity = Sqr Root (2 * g * radius of planet) (where g is the
gravitational constant for that planet)

Period of Simple Harmonic Motion = 2 * Pi / angular velocity
or more usefully, for a pendulum: Period = 2 * Pi * Sqr Root (length/g)

Equations - Dynamics (Trivopaedia)

Distance = average velocity * time

Velocity = initial velocity + acceleration * time

Distance = initial velocity * time + 1/2 * acceleration * time2

Force = mass * acceleration

Internal energy of a mass = mass * c2 (where c is the speed of light)

Equations - Electricity (Trivopaedia)

Direct Current
I = Current in Amperes (Amps)
V = Voltage (or Potential Difference) in Volts
R = Resistance in Ohms
W = Power in Watts

I = V/R and V = IR and R = V/I

W = I2R and W = V2/R and W = VI

The above hold good for Alternating Current only if the load is purely resistive (rare).

Resistances in Series: R = R1 + R2

Resistances in Parallel: 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2

Gain or Loss
Gain or Loss = 10 Log (Output Power/Input Power) = 10Log (P2/P1)
or
= 20 Log (Output Current/Input Current) = 20 Log (I2/I1)
or
= 20 Log (Output Voltage/ Input Voltage)
or
= 20 Log (V2/V1)

e.g. Power Ratios :
2 x = 3 dB approx.
4 x = 6 dB approx.
8 x = 9 dB approx.
10 x = 10 dB
100 x = 20 dB
1,000 x = 30 dB
1,000,000 x = 60 dB

Equations - General Mathematics (Trivopaedia)

Quadratic roots
f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c
roots = (-b ± sqr(b^2-4ac)) / 2a

Combinations
nCr = n! / ( (n-r)! r! )

Derivatives
sin x cos x
cos x - sin x
tan x sec^2 x

Integrals
x^a x^(a+1) / (a+1), a>1
1/x ln |x|
e^x e^x
a^x a^x / (ln a)
tan x ln |(sec x)|

Simpson's rule
aƒb f(x) dx ~=
1/3 . h(y0 + 4y1 + y2)
where, h = 1/2 . (b - a)

Trigonometry/Triangles
sin (A/2) = sqr((s-b)(s-c) / bc)
cos (A/2) = sqr( s(s-a) / bc )
- sine rule
a/(sin A) = b/(sin B) = c/(sin C) = 2R
- cosine rule
a^2 = b^2 + c^2 - 2bc . cos A
- circumcircle
R = abc / 4 . (area of triangle)

Single variable statistics
(number n, mean m) (E sigma, samp x)
derivation, dx = x - m
mean derivation = 1/n . E |dx|
E dx^2 = E x^2 - ((E x)^2) / n
variance = 1/n . E dx^2
standard deviation = sqr(var)

Double variable statistics
correlation coeff =
E (dx dy)/sqr((E dx^2)(E dy^2))

linear regression, y=a+bx
b = E (dx dy) / (E dx^2)
a = (mean y) - b (mean x)

Normal distribution
(mean m, variance s^2)
f(x) = 1/( s . sqr(2 pi) ) .
exp( -(x-m)^2 / (2s^2) )

Equations - Geometric Shapes (Trivopaedia)

AREA:
Square - length x width, or length of one side squared
Rectangle - length x width
Triangle - 1/2 x base x perpendicular height
Cube - square of the length of one side x 6
Cylinder - (2 x 3.1416 x the radius x the height) + (2 x 3.1416 x the square of the radius)
Pentagon - square of the length of one side x 1.720
Hexagon - square of the length of one side x 2.598
Octagon - square of the length of one side x 4.828
Sphere - square of the radius x 3.1416 (pi) x 4
Circle - square of the radius x 3.1416
Ellipse(1) - long diameter x short diameter x 0.7854
Ellipse(2) - long radius x short radius x 3.1416
Rectangular Solid - (2 x height x width) + (2 x height x length) + (2 x length x width)

PERIMETER (circumference):
Square - 4 x the length of one side
Rectangle - 2 x (the length of one long side + the length of one short side)
Triangle - the length of of one side + the length of one side + the length of one side
Circle(1) - 2 x the radius x 3.1416
Circle(2) - 3.1416 x the diameter
Regular Pentagon - 5 x the length of one side
Regular Hexagon - 6 x the length of one side

VOLUME:
Cube - cube of the length of one side
Pyramid - area of the base x height x 1/3
Cylinder - square of the radius x 3.1416 x height
Sphere - 4/3 x 3.1416 x cube of the radius
Cone - square of the radius of the base x 3.1416 x height x 1/3
Rectangular Solid - length x width x height

Euro Countries (Trivopaedia)

13 member countries - value of 1 Euro in the former national currencies
. Austria, 13.7603 ATS
. Belgium, 40.3399 BEF
. Finland, 5.94573 FIM
. France, 6.55957 FRF
. Germany, 1.95583 DEM
. Greece, 340.750 GRD
. Ireland, .787564 IEP
. Italy, 1936.27 ITL
. Luxembourg, 40.3399 LUF
. Netherlands, 2.20371 NLG
. Portugal, 200.482 PTE
. Slovenia, 239.640 SIT
. Spain, 166.386 ESP
. Malta - .4293 MTL
. South Cyprus - .585274 CYP

Euro is also used on islands and territories
belonging to the above countries.

Four small European states also use the Euro:
. San Marino
. Vatican City
. Monaco
. Andorra
The first three have even their own coins!

Two Balkan Countries (where DEM was used as major currency before)
. Kosovo (part of Serbia, but under UN administration)
. Montenegro

European countries (Trivopaedia)

Country, Capital EU

Albania, Tirana
Andorra, Andorra la Vella
Armenia, Yerevan
Azerbaijan, Baky
Austria, Vienna EU
Belarus, Minsk
Belgium, Brussels EU
Bosnia, Sarajevo
Bulgaria, Sofia EU
Croatia, Zagreb
Czech Republic, Prague EU
Cyprus, Nicosia EU
Denmark, Copenhagen EU
Estonia, Tallinn EU
Finland, Helsinki EU
France, Paris EU
Georgia, Tbilisi
Germany, Berlin EU
Greece, Athens EU
Hungary, Budapest EU
Iceland, Reykjavik
Ireland, Dublin EU
Italy, Rome EU
Kazakhstan (part.), Astana
Latvia, Riga EU
Liechtenstein, Vaduz
Lithuania, Vilnius EU
Luxembourg, Luxembourg EU
Macedonia, Skopje
Malta, Valletta EU
Moldova, Chisinau
Monaco, Monaco
Montenegro, Podgorica
Netherlands, Amsterdam EU
Norway, Oslo
Poland, Warsaw EU
Portugal, Lisbon EU
Romania, Bucharest EU
Russia, Moscow
San Marino, San Marino
Serbia, Belgrade
Slovakia, Bratislava EU
Slovenia, Ljubljana EU
Spain, Madrid EU
Sweden, Stockholm EU
Switzerland, Bern
Turkey (part.), Ankara
Ukraine, Kiev
United Kingdom, London EU
Vatican City, -

Eurovision Song Contest Winners (Trivopaedia)

Year Country
Interpret Title

1956 Switzerland
Lys Assia Refrain
1957 Netherlands
Corry Brokken Net als Toen
1958 France
André Claveau Dors, mon amour
1959 Netherlands
Teddy Scholten In beetje
1960 France
Jaqueline Boyer Tom Pillibi
1961 Luxembourg
Jean-Claude Pascal Nous les amoureux
1962 France
Isabelle Aubret Un premier amour
1963 Denmark
Grethe og Jørgen Ingmann Dansevise
1964 Italy
Gigliola Cinquetti Non ho l'età
1965 Luxembourg
France Gall Poupèe se cire, poupèe de son
1966 Austria
Udo Jürgens Merci chérie
1967 England
Sandie Shaw Puppet on a string
1968 Spain
Massiel La la la
1969 England
Lulu Boom bang-a-bang
1969 Spain
Salome Vivo cantando
1969 Netherlands
Lenny Kuhr De troubadour
1969 France
Frida Boccara Un jour, en enfant
1970 Ireland
Dana All kinds of everything
1971 Monaco
Séverine Un banc, un arbre, une rue
1972 Luxembourg
Vicky Leandros Après toi
1973 Luxembourg
Anne Marie David Tu te reconnaîtras
1974 Sweden
ABBA Waterloo
1975 Netherlands
Teach-In Ding a dong
1976 England
Brotherhood Of Man Save your kisses for me
1977 France
Marie Myriam L'oiseau et l'enfant
1978 Israel
Izhar Cohen and The Alphabeta A-Ba-Ni-Bi
1979 Israel
Milk & Honey Hallelujah
1980 Ireland
Johnny Logan What's another year
1981 England
Bucks Fizz Making your mind up
1982 Germany
Nicole Ein bißchen Frieden
1983 Luxembourg
Corinne Hermes Si la vie est cadeau
1984 Sweden
Herreys Diggi loo diggi lee
1985 Norway
Bobbysocks La det swinge
1986 Belgium
Sandra Kim J' aime la vie
1987 Ireland
Johnny Logan Hold me now
1988 Switzerland
Celine Dion Ne partez pas sans moi
1989 Yugoslavia
Riva Rock Me
1990 Italy
Toto Cutugno Insieme 1992
1991 Sweden
Carola Fangad av en stormvind
1992 Ireland
Linda Martin Why me?
1993 Ireland
Niamh Kavanagh In your eyes
1994 Ireland
Paul Harrington & C. McGettigan Rock 'n' Roll Kids
1995 Norway
Secret Garden Nocturne
1996 Ireland
Eimear Quinn The Voice
1997 England
Katrina and the Waves Love Shine A Light
1998 Israel
Dana International Diva
1999 Sweden
Charlotte Nilsson Take me to your heaven
2000 Denmark
Olsen Brothers Fly on the wings of love
2001 Estonia
Tanel Badar und Dave Benton Everybody
2002 Latvia
Marija N I Wanna
2003 Turkey
Sertab Erener Everyway That I Can
2004 Ukraine
Ruslana Lyzhichko Wild Dances
2005 Greece
Elena Paparizou My Number One
2006 Finland
Lordi Hard Rock Hallelujah
2007 Serbia
Marija Serifovic Molitva
2008 Russia
Dima Bilan Believing

Famous lovers (Trivopaedia)

Antony Cleopatra
Abelard Eloise
Dante Beatrice
Daphnis Chloe
Dido Aeneas
Jason Medea
Paris Helen
Peleas Melisande
Pierrot Columbine
Pyramus Thisbe
Romeo Juliet
Samson Delilah
Solomon Sheba
Troilus Cressida
Venus Adonis

Famous Novels (Trivopaedia)

Edward Albee
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1962

Hans Christian Andersen
The Little Match-Seller 1848
The Emperor’s New Suit 1837
The Princess and the Pea 1835
The Ugly Duckling 1844

James Matthew Barrie
The little white Bird 1902/1906
Peter Pan, stage play 1904

Lyman Frank Baum
The Wizard of Oz 1900

Samuel Beckett
Waiting for Godot 1952

Truman Capote
Breakfast at Tiffany's 1958

Lewis Carrol (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)
Alice in Wonderland 1865

Carlo Collodi (Carlo Lorenzini)
The Adventures of Pinocchio (the story of a puppet) 1880

Daniel Defoe (Daniel Foe)
Robinson Crusoe 1719

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
The Little Prince 1943

Charles Dickens
David Copperfield 1849/50
Oliver Twist 1837/38
A Christmas Carol 1843

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Sherlock Holmes 1887-1925

Alexandre Dumas
The Count of Monte Cristo 1845/46
The Three Musketeers 1844

Ernest Hemmingway
The Old Man and the Sea 1952

Hermann Hesse
Steppenwolf 1927

James Joyce
Ulysses 1922

Rudyard Kipling
The Jungle Book 1894

Jack London (John Griffith)
Sea Wolf 1904

Norman Mailer
The Naked and the Dead 1948

Herman Melville
Moby Dick 1851

Arthur Miller
Death of a Salesman 1949

Vladimir Nabokov
Lolita 1955

George Orwell
Nineteen Eighty-Four 1949
Animal Farm 1945

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak
Doctor Zhivago 1957

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn
The Gulag Archipelago 1973-1975

Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson
Treasure Island 1883
Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 1886

Jonathan Swift
Gulliver's Travels 1726

Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy
War and Peace 1868/69
Anna Karenina 1878

Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens)
Tom Sawyer 1876
Huckleberry Finn 1884

Jule Verne
A Journey to the Center of the Earth 1864
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 1870
Around the World in Eighty Days 1873

Herbert George Wells
The Time Machine 1895
The War of the Worlds 1898

Famous Paintings (Trivopaedia)

Caspar David Friedrich
Chalk Cliffs of Rügen 1818/19
Man and woman contemplating the moon 1830/35

Vincent van Gogh
Sunflower Paintings 1888
Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear 1889

Claude Monet
The Picnic 1865/66
Corn Poppies 1873

R. Harmenszoon. van Rijn
Rembrandt
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp 1632
Man in a Gold Helmet
(no more believed to be painted by his own hand) 1650/55
The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (spuriously known as "Nightwatch") 1639

Carl Spitzweg
The Poor Poet 1839

Leonardo da Vinci
Mona Lisa 1503-1506

Auguste Renoir
Luncheon of the Boating Party 1881
The big bathers 1885-1886

Fawlty Towers episodes (Trivopaedia)

First shown in 1975
A Touch of Class (19/9)
The Builders (26/9)
The Wedding Party (3/10)
The Hotel Inspectors (10/10)
Gormet Night (17/10)
The Germans (24/10)

1979
Communication Problems (19/2)
The Psychiatrist (26/2)
Waldorf Salad (5/3)
Kipper and the Corpse (12/3)
The Anniversary (26/3)
Basil the Rat (25/10)

Flower Meanings (A-L) (Trivopaedia)

These flower meanings have been compiled from three different websites. You may note that some flowers seem to have two contradictory meanings. In the event that you are given one of these flowers, please, take them in the best way possible.

Acacia: Beauty in retirement; Friendship; Concealed love: Chaste love
Aconite: Beware, a deadly foe is near
Agapanthus: Secret Love
Allium: Unity; Humility; Patience
Alstroemeria: Devotion; Wealth; Prosperity; Fortune
Ambrosia: Your love is reciprocated
Amaryllis: Pride, Timidity, Splendid Beauty
Anemone: Forsaken; Expectations
Aster: Symbol of love; Daintiness; Afterthought; Elegance of love
Azalea: First Love, Temperance

Baby's Breath: Pure of heart; Innocence
Bachelor Button: Hope in love; Felicity; Delicacy; Single blessedness
Begonia: A fanciful nature; Beware
Bells of Ireland: Good Luck
Bluebell: Humility; Everlasting love
Bouvardia: Enthusiasm
Buttercup: Childishness

Cactus: Endurance
Caladium: Great joy and delight
Calla Lily: Magnificent Beauty
Camellia: Gratitude; Perfection
Camellia (blue): You're a flame in my heart
Camellia (pink): Longing for you
Camelia (white): You're adorable; Perfected lovliness
Camellia (red): Unpretending excellence
Carnation: Fascination; Womanly love; Devoted love
Carnation (red): Alas poor heart; My heart aches for you; Admiration
Carnation (pink): I'll never forget you; Woman's love
Carnation (purple): Capriciousness
Carnation (striped): Sorry I can't be with you; No; Refusal; Wish I could be with you
Carnation (white): Innocence; Sweet and lovely; Pure love; Woman's good luck gift; You're adorable
Carnation (yellow): Disdain; Rejection; You have disappointed me
Chrysanthemum (red): Love
Chrysanthemum (white): Truth
Chrysanthemum (yellow): Slighted love
Crocus: Youthful gladness; Cheerfulness
Cyclamen: Resignation; Goodbye

Daffodil: You're the only one; Regard; Unrequited love; The sun shines when I'm with you
Dahlia: Dignity; Elegance; Good taste; Instability
Daisy: Innocence; Loyal love; I'll never tell; Purity; Gentleness; Romance
Dandelion: Rustic Oracle
Delphinium: Flights of Fancy, Ardent Attachment

Fern: Secret bond of love; Fascination; Sincerity; Magic
Fleur-de-Lis: Flame; I burn
Forget Me Not: Faithful Love; Undying Hope; Memory; Do Not Forget; True love
Forsythia: Good nature; Innocence; Anticipation
Freesia: Innocence; Trust; Friendship

Galax: Encouragement
Gardenia: Purity; Sweet Love; You are lovely
Geranium: Folly; Stupidity
Gladiolus: Strength of character; Sincerity; Generosity; Natural grace
Gloxinia: Love at first sight
Grass: Submission

Heather (Lavender): Admiration; Solitude
Heather (White): Protection; Wishes will come true
Hibiscus: Delicate Beauty
Holly: Foresight; Domestic happiness; Defense
Hyacinth: Games; Sports; Rashness; Playful Joy
Hyacinth (Blue): Constancy
Hyacinth (Purple): Please forgive me; Sorrow
Hyacinth (Red / Pink): Play
Hyacinth (White): Lovliness; I'll pray for you
Hyacinth (Yellow): Jealousy
Hydrangea: Thank-you for understanding; Frigidity; Heartlessness

Iris: Faith; Wisdom; Valor; Promise; My compliments; Hope; Message
Ivy: Wedded love; Fidelity; Friendship; Affection

Jasmine: Amiability
Jonquil: Affection returned; Sympathy; Desire; Love me

Larkspur: An open Heart
Lavender: Loyalty
Lemon Leaves: Everlasting Love
Lilac (purple): First Emotion of Love
Lilac (white): Youthful innocence; Purity; Modesty; Virginity; Majesty
Lily (orange/tiger): Wealth; Pride; Prosperity
Lily (white): Sweetness
Lily (yellow): Gaiety; walking on air
Lily (Calla): Beauty
Lily (Day): Conquetry
Lily (Eucharis): Maiden charms
Lily of the Valley: Humility; Sweetness; Return of Happiness
Lotus Flower: Estranged love
Longi Lily: Pure; Modest

Flower Meanings (M-Z) (Trivopaedia)

Magnolia: Love of nature; Nobility; Dignity
Marigold: Grief; Cruelty; Jealousy; Sacred affection; Despair
Mimosa, Bloom: Concealed love; Sensitivity
Monkshood: Chivalry; Beware; A deadly foe is near
Morning Glory: Affection
Moss: Maternal love; Charity
Myrtle: Duty; Affection; Home; Love; Discipline; Instruction

Narcissus: Stay as sweet as you are; Egotism; Formality
Nasturtium: Patriotism; Conquest; Victory in battle

Oleander: Caution; Beauty; Grace
Orange Blossom: Purity; Innocence; Eternal love; Marriage; Fruitfulness; Lovliness
Orchid: Love; Beauty; Refinement; Beautiful lady; Magnificence; A belle
Orchid (Cattleaya): Mature charm

Palm Leaves: Victory; Success
Pansy: Thoughtful Reflection; Merriment
Peony: Happy Marriage; Prosperity; Bashfulness
Petunia: Resentment; Anger; Your presence soothes me
Phlox: Our souls are united
Pine: Hope; Pity
Poinsettia: Be of good cheer
Poppy: Eternal sleep; Imagination; Oblivion
Poppy (Red): Pleasure
Poppy (White): Consolation
Poppy (Yellow): Wealth; Success
Primrose: Young Love; I can't live without you
Primrose (Evening): Inconstancy

Queen Anne's Lace: Haven

Ranunculus: Radiant; Charming
Rose (Pink): Perfect happiness; Gentility; Grace; Please believe me
Rose (Deep Pink): Thank You
Rose (Light Pink): Admiration
Rose (White): Innocence; Purity; Heavenly; Secrecy; Silence; Charm
Rose (Red): Love; I love you; Respect; Courage; Desire
Rose (Single Red): I love you; Simplicity
Rose (Deep Red): Bashfulness
Rose (Burgundy): Unconscious love
Rose (Peach, Coral, Orange): Enthusiasm; Desire
Rose (Orange): Passion
Rose (Yellow): Friendship; Joy and happiness; Jealousy; Trying to care; Gladness
Rose (Short Stemmed): Sweetheart; Girlhood
Rose (White and Red): Unity
Rose (Long Stemmed): I will remember you always
Roses (Assorted Colours): You're everything to me
Roses (Mature Blooms): Gratitude
Rosebud: Beauty; Youth; A heart innocent of love
Rosebud (Red): Pure; Lovely
Rosebud (White): Girlhood
Rosemary: Remembrance

Snapdragon: Gracious lady; Deception; Presumption
Spider Flower: Elope with me
Star of Bethlehem: Purity
Statice: Sympathy; Rememberance
Stephanotis: Happiness in marriage; Desire to travel; Come to me
Stock: Lasting beauty; Bonds of affection; Promptness; You'll always be beautiful to me
Sunflower: Adoration; Pride; Sunshine
Sweet Pea: Delicate pleasures; Goodbye; Blissful pleasure; Departure; Thank you for a lovely time
Sweet William: Grant me one smile; Gallantry

Tuberose: Dangerous Pleasure
Tulip: Perfect lover; Fame; Love; Passion
Tulip (Red): Believe me; Declaration of love
Tulip (Yellow): There is sunshine in your smile; Hopeless love
Tulip (Variegated): Beautiful eyes

Verbena: Will you get your wish?
Veronica: Fidelity
Violet: Modesty; Faithfulness; Virtue
Violet (Blue): I'll always be true; Watchfulness
Violet (White): Let's take a chance on happiness
Viscaria: Will you dance with me?

Wallflower: Fidelity in adversity
Water Lily: Purity of heart
Wax Flower: Riches
Wisteria: Welcome

Xeranthemum: Eternity; Immortality

Yarrow: Healing

Zinnia: Thoughts of absent friends
Zinnia (Magenta): Lasting affection
Zinnia (Scarlet): Constancy
Zinnia (White): Goodness
Zinnia (Yellow): Daily rememberance
Zinnia (Mixed): Thinking / In memory of an absent friend

Food Dates (Trivopaedia)

When were they invented ?
Popcorn - 3000BC
Croissants - 1683
Potato crisps - 1853
Chewing gum - 1875
Coca-Cola - 1885
Corn Flakes - 1894
Chop suey - 1896
Pepsi-Cola - 1898
Hamburger - 1902
Ice cream cone - 1904
Instant coffee - 1909
Frozen food - 1923
Fish fingers - 1929

Football World Cup hosts and winners (Trivopaedia)

Year Host Winner
1930 Uruguay Uruguay
1934 Italy Italy
1938 France Italy
1942
1946
1950 Brazil Uruguay
1954 Switzerland Germany
1958 Sweden Brazil
1962 Chile Brazil
1966 England England
1970 Mexico Brazil
1974 Germany Germany
1978 Argentina Argentina
1982 Spain Italy
1986 Mexico Argentina
1990 Italy Germany
1994 USA Brazil
1998 France France
2002 Japan/S Korea Brazil
2006 Germany Italy

Formula 1 World Champions (Trivopaedia)

2007 Räikkönen
Ferrari
2006 Alonso
Renault
2005 Alonso
Renault

2004 Schumacher
Ferrari

2003 Schumacher
Ferrari

2002 Schumacher
Ferrari

2001 Schumacher
Ferrari

2000 Schumacher
Ferrari

1999 Hakkinen
McLaren-Mercedes

1998 Hakkinen
McLaren-Mercedes

1997 Villenueve
Williams-Renault

1996 D Hill
Williams-Renault

1995 Schumacher
Benneton-Renault

1994 Schumacher
Benneton-Ford

1993 Prost
Williams-Renault

1992 Mansell
Williams-Renault

1991 Senna
McLaren-Honda

1990 Senna
McLaren-Honda

1989 Prost
McLaren-Honda

1988 Senna
McLaren-Honda

1987 Piquet
Williams-Honda

1986 Prost
McLaren-Porsche

1985 Prost
McLaren-Porsche

1984 Lauda
McLaren-Porsche

1983 Piquet
Brabham-BMW

1982 Rosberg
Williams-Ford

1981 Piquet
Brabham-Ford

1980 Jones
Williams-Ford

1979 Scheckter
Ferrari

1978 Andretti
Lotus-Ford

1977 Lauda
Ferrari

1976 Hunt
McLaren-Ford

1975 Lauda
Ferrari

1974 Fittipaldi
Lotus-Ford

1973 Stewart
Tyrell-Ford

1972 Fittipaldi
Lotus-Ford

1971 Stewart
Tyrell-Ford

1970 Rindt
Lotus-Ford

1969 Stewart
Matra-Ford

1968 G Hill
Lotus-Ford

1967 Hulme
Brabham-Repco

1966 Brabham
Brabham-Repco

1965 Clark
Lotus-Climax

1964 Surtees
Ferrari

1963 Clark
Lotus-Climax

1962 G Hill
BRM

1961 P Hill
Ferrari

1960 Brabham
Cooper-Climax

1959 Brabham Cooper-Climax

1958 Hawthorn
Ferrari

1957 Fangio
Maserati

1956 Fangio
Lancia Ferrari

1955 Fangio
Mercedes

1954 Fangio
Mercedes Maserati

1953 Ascari
Ferrari

1952 Ascari
Ferrari

1951 Fangio
Alfa Romeo

1950 Farina
Alfa Romeo

Four horsemen of the Apocalypse (Trivopaedia)

War
Famine
Pestilence
Death (The pale rider)

Four Suits of Card Games (Trivopaedia)

Tarot: Cups, Coins, Batons, Swords
French: Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs (Cross), Spades
German: Hearts, Bells, Acorns, Leaves

Elements: Water, Earth, Fire, Air
(associated with the 'colours' of card games)

French Revolutionary Calendar (Trivopaedia)

Vendémiaire (wine harvest) 22 Sep-21 Oct

Brumaire (fog) Oct-Nov

Frimaire (sleet) Nov-Dec

Nivôse (snowy) Dec-Jan

Pluviôse (rainy) Jan-Feb

Ventôse (windy) Feb-Mar

Germinal (growing) Mar-Apr

Floréal (blossom) Apr-May

Prairial (pasture) May-Jun

Messidor (harvest) Jun-Jul

Thermidor (heat) Jul-Aug

Fervidor (more heat) Aug-Sep

Each month had 30 days, and there were five intercalary (between month) holidays called "Sansculottides or six in a leap year.

The calendar was devised by Gilbert Romme (1750-1795) and the months were named by the poet Fabre d'Eglantine (1755-1794). It was adopted on 5 October 1793 (bizarrely, it was applied retrospectively from 22 September 1792) and continued in force until 1 January 1806, when Napoleon restored the Gregorian calendar.

Frequency ranges (Trivopaedia)

Frequency (in MHz) = 300 / Wavelength (in m)
and
Frequency (in GHz) = 30 / Wavelength (in cm)

(For greater accuracy use 299.79/Wavelength)

Frequency Bands - a general guide.

Audible Frequencies
Very long waves - 30 Hz to 30 kHz (depending on age and species)

Low Frequencies (LF)
Long waves - 30 Khz to 300 Khz
10000 to 1000 Metres

Medium Frequencies (MF)
Medium waves - 300 Khz to 3 Mhz
1000 to 100 Metres

High Frequencies (HF)
Short waves - 3 to 30 Mhz
100 to 10 Metres

Very High Frequencies (VHF)
30 to 300 Mhz
10 to 1 Metre/s

Ultra High Frequencies (UHF)
300 Mhz to 3 Ghz
1 Metre to 10 cm

Super High Frequencies (SHF)
Microwaves - 3 to 30 Ghz
10 to 1 cm

Extremely High Frequencies (EHF)
30 to 300 Ghz
10 to 1 mm

Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths under 1 mm are called light. See "Visible Spectrum"

The whole used Frequencie spectrum reaches from 100 Kilohertz (Khz) to 12.5 Gigahertz (Ghz).

Used for television are:
the VHF range, it contains
-Band I (47 - 68 Mhz), also used for broadcast
-Band II (87.5 - 108 Mhz), also used for broadcast
-Band III (174 - 230 Mhz)

the UHF range with
-Band IV (470 - 582 Mhz)
-Band V (790 - 960 Mhz)

Used for broadcast are:
-LW (148.5 - 283.5 Khz)
-MW (526.5 - 1.606.5 Khz)
-KW (3.950 - 26.100 Khz)
-UKW (87.5 - 108 Mhz), VHF Band II

Friends (Trivopaedia)

Characters on TV's Friends:

Rachel: Jennifer Aniston
Monica: Courteney Cox Arquette
Phoebe: Lisa Kudrow
Joey: Matt LeBlanc
Chandler: Matthew Perry
Ross: David Schwimmer

Fruits (Trivopaedia)

Apple, apricot, avocado, banana, bilberry, blackberry, blackcurrant, blueberry, boysenberry, bramley, cherry, clementine, cranberry, crabapple, coconut, cox, currant, damson, date, dewberry, elderberry, gooseberry, granny smith, grape, grapefruit, greengage, guava, honeydew (melon), jaffa (orange), kiwifruit, kumquat, lemon, lime, loganberry, lychee, mandarin, mango, mangosteen, maracuya, mulberry, nectarine, oakapple, olive, orange, papaya, passionfruit, paw-paw, peach, pear, pimento, pineapple, pippin, plum, pomegranite, prickly pear, prune, quince, raisin, raspberry, redcurrant, satsuma, sloe, squash, starfruit, strawberry, sultana, tangerine, tomato, uglifruit, watermelon, yam.

Greek alphabet (Trivopaedia)

Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
Theta
Iota
Kappa
Lambda
Mu
Nu
Xi
Omikron
Pi
Ro
Sigma
Tau
Upsilon
Phi
Khi
Psi
Omega

Greek and Roman Gods (Trivopaedia)

Greek Roman
Aphrodite Venus
(Goddess of beauty love)

Apollo Apollo
(God of poetry music prophecy)

Ares Mars
(God of war)

Artemis Diana
(Goddess of the moon)

Asclepius Aesculapius
(God of medical art)

Athene Minerva
(Goddess of wisdom)

Cronos Saturn
(God of agriculture)

Demeter Ceres
(Goddess of agriculture)

Dionysus Bacchus
(God of wine fertility)

Eos Aurora
(Goddess of dawn)

Eros Cupid
(God of love)

Hebe Juventas
(Goddess of youth)

Hecate Hecate
(Goddess of witchcraft)

Helios Sol
(God of the sun)

Hepthaestus Vulcan
(God of fire)

Hera Juno
("Queen of heaven, goddess of women marriage")

Hermes Mercury
(Messenger of the gods)

Hestia Vesta
(Goddess of the hearth)

Hypnos Somnus
(God of sleep)

Nemesis
(Goddess of retribution)

Pan Faunus
(God of woods fields)

Persephone Proserpine
(Goddess of the underworld)

Pluto Pluto
(God of the underworld)

Plutus
(God of wealth)

Poseidon Neptune
(God of the sea)

Rhea Cybele
(Goddess of nature)

Selene Luna
(Goddess of the moon)

Thanatos Mors
(God of death)

Zeus Jupiter
(supreme God;God of the sky weather)

Hangovers (causes and remedies) (Trivopaedia)

Causes of hangovers.
*ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone) production is reduced (Water loss, dehydration)

*Cogeners (Byproducts of fermentation) are formed, toxins

*Headache is due to drying out effect on brain tissue toxins in drink

*Insulin production stimulated, reduced blood glucose = Drowsiness, Faintness, Trembling Hunger

*Tiredness is due to less restfull sleep low blood sugar

*Because body's cells are dehydrated, acid-base metabolism is altered

*Alcohol upsets bodys metabolism and causes rise in stomach blood acidity

*Nausea indigestion is due to alcohol irritating stomach lining increased acidity.

Remedies.

* Sleep as long as possible

* Drink loads of water before bed or during the night

* Dioralyte oral rehydration salts or antacid

* Avoid caffeine, diuretic, will dehydrate you further will upset stomach

* Vigorous exercise before bed or the next day (Long drunken walk)

* Have a Paracetamol before going to bed or during the night (less damaging to stomach than aspirin)

* Prairie Oyster drink (Raw egg, Lemon Juice, Pepper Worcester Sauce)

* Don't have "Hair of the dog" the next morning

* Roche Berrocca B-Vitamins the next morning

* Fizzy drinks such as Alka Seltzer or Resolve

* Brush teeth vigorously, also roof of mouth and scrape tongue

* Take six Evening Primrose Oil capsules before drinking, or when you arrive home

* Herb silymarin, boosts liver's capability of degrading alcohol
Drinks renowned for Cogners (toxins causing hangovers)
(from worst to least)
Brandy
Dark Rum
Red Wine
Port
Sherries
Vermouth
Beer
Whisky
Gin
White wine
Lager
Vodka
(The darker and sweeter the drink, the more likely it is to cause a hangover)

Hello Translations (Trivopaedia)

Arabic - Ahlan wasahlan
Bulgarian - Dobro utro
Croatian - Dobar dan
Danish - Goddag
English - Hello
Finnish - Hyvaa paivaa
French - Bonjour
Georgian - Garmardzobat
German - Guten Tag
Greek - Kalimera
Hindi - Namaskar
Hungarian - Jó napot
Icelandic - Godan daginn
Italian - Buongiorno
Japanese - Konnichiwa
Mandarin - Nin hao
Norweigian - Go dag
Polish - Dzien dobry
Portuguese - Bom dia
Russian - Zdravstvuyitye
Spanish - Buenos dias
Swedish - God dag
Thai - Sawatdee
Turkish - Iya gunler
Urdu - Assalm-u-alaikum
Zulu - Kunjani

Henry VIII's wives (Trivopaedia)

Catherine of Aragon (divorced)
Anne Boleyn (executed)
Jane Seymour (died)
Anne of Cleves (divorced)
Catherine Howard (executed)
Catherine Parr (survived)

Highest Buildings (Trivopaedia)

Buildings
---------
Taipei 101 508m Taipei (Taiwan)
Petronas Tower I 452m Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
Petronas Tower II 452m Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
Sears Tower 442m Chicago (USA)
Jin Mao Tower 421m Shanghai (P.R. China)
Two Internat. Finance Centre 415m Hong Kong (P.R. China)
CITIC Plaza 391m Guangzhou (P.R. China)
Shun Hing Square 384m Shenzhen (P.R. China)
Empire State Building 381m New York (USA)
Central Plaza 374m Hong Kong (P.R. China)
Bank of China Tower 367m Hong Kong (P.R. China)
Emirates Towers One 355m Dubai (U.A.E.)
Tuntex Tower 348m Kaohsiung (Taiwan)
Aon Center 346m Chicago (USA)
The Center 346m Hong Kong (P.R. China)
John Hancock Center 344m Chicago (USA)
Di Wang Tower 325m Shenzen (P.R. China)
Burj al Arab Hotel 321m Dubai (U.A.E.)
Baiyoke Tower II 320m Bangkok (Thailand)
Chrysler Building 319m New York (USA)
Bank of America Plaza 312m Atlanta (USA)
Menara Telekom 310m Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
Library Tower 310m Los Angeles (USA)
Emirates Towers Two 309m Dubai (U.A.E.)
AT e Center 307 m Chicago (USA)
JPMorganChase Tower 305m Houston (USA)
Baiyoke Tower II 304m Bangkok (Thailand)
Two Prudential Plaza 303m Chicago (USA)
Kingdom Centre 302m Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
Ryugyong Hotel 300m Pyongyang (North Korea)

All heights are top of the roof, not including any flags or antennas.

Towers
--------
C. N. Tower 553m Toronto (Canada)
Ostankino Tower 540m Moscow (Russia)
Pearl of the Orient 468m Shanghai (P.R.China)
KL Tower Kuala 421m Lumpur (Malaysia)
Tianjin Radio and TV Tower 415m Tianjin (P.R.China)
Central Radio and TV Tower 405m Beijing (P.R.China)
Tashkent Tower 375m Tashkent (Uzbekistan)
Alma-Ata Tower 370m Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan)
Liberation Tower 370m Kuwait City
Television Tower 368m Riga (Latvia)
Television Tower 365m Berlin (Germany)
Stratosphere Tower 350m Las Vegas (USA)
Central Station 346m Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
Tokyo Tower 333m Tokyo (Japan)
Europe Tower 331m Frankfurt (Germany)
Emley Moor TV-Tower 330m Emley Moor (United Kingdom)
Sky Tower 328m Auckland (New Zealand)
Vilnius TV Tower 326m Vilnius (Lithuania)
Eiffel Tower 321m Paris (France)
T.V. Tower 314m Tallinn (Estonia)

Highest Mountains (Trivopaedia)

Everest (Nepal) 8850m
K2 (Kashmir) 8611m
Kangchenjunga (Nepal) 8600m
Makalu (Nepal) 8481m
Dhaulagiri (Nepal) 8172m
Nanga Parbat (Kashmir) 8126m
Annapurna (Nepal) 8078m
Gasherbrum (Kashmir) 8068m
Gosainthan (Tibet) 8013m

Household and Cooking Tips (Trivopaedia)

1.Stuff a miniature marshmallow in the bottom of a sugar cone to prevent ice cream drips.

2.Use a meat baster to "squeeze" your pancake batter onto the hot griddle perfect shaped pancakes every time.

3.To keep potatoes from budding, place an apple in the bag with the potatoes.

4.To prevent egg shells from cracking, add a pinch of salt to the water before hard-boiling.

5.Run your hands under cold water before pressing Rice Krispies treats in the pan. The marshmallow won't stick to your fingers.

6.To get the most juice out of fresh lemons, bring them to room temperature roll them under your palm against the kitchen counter before squeezing.

7.To easily remove burnt-on food from your skillet, simply add a drop or two of dish soap and enough water to cover bottom of pan, and bring to a boil on stove-top - skillet will be much easier to clean.

8.Spray your Tupperware with nonstick cooking spray before pouring in tomato-based sauces - no more stains.

9.When a cake recipe calls for flouring the baking pan, use a bit of the dry cake mix instead - no white mess on the outside of the cake.

10.If you accidentally over-salt a dish while it's still cooking, drop in a peeled potato - it absorbs the excess salt for an instant "fix me up".

11.Wrap celery in aluminum foil when putting in the refrigerator - it will keep for weeks.

12.Place a slice of apple in hardened brown sugar to soften it back up.

13.To determine whether an egg is fresh, immerse it in a pan of cool, salted water. If it sinks, it is fresh - if it rises to the surface, throw it away.

14.Cure for headaches: Take a lime, cut it in half and rub it on your forehead. The throbbing will go away.

15.Don't throw out all that leftover wine: Freeze into ice cubes for future use in casseroles and sauces.

16.Potatoes will take food stains off your fingers. Just slice and rub raw potato on the stains and rinse with water.

17.To get rid of itch from mosquito bite: try applying soap on the area, instant relief.

18.Ants, ants, ants everywhere ... Well, they are said to never cross a chalk line. So get your chalk out and draw a line on the floor or wherever ants tend to march - see for yourself.

19.Ants, ants, ants everywhere - cheaper than ant killer - use Windex or any mirror cleaner.

20.Use air-freshener to clean mirrors: It does a good job and better still, leaves a lovely smell to the shine.

21.When you get a splinter, reach for the scotch tape before resorting to tweezers or a needle. Simply put the scotch tape over the splinter, then pull it off. Scotch tape removes most splinters painlessly and easily.

Hugo Award winners (Trivopaedia)

Year, Author, Title

1946 Isaac Asimov, The Mule (awarded in 1996)

1951 Robert A. Heinlein, Farmer in the Sky (awarded in 2001)

1953 Alfred Bester, The Demolished Man

1954 No award

1955 Mark Clifton and Frank Riley, They'd Rather Be Right

1956 Robert Heinlein, Double Star

1957 No award

1958 Fritz Leiber, The Big Time

1959 James Blish, A Case of Conscience

1960 Robert Heinlein, Starship Troopers

1961 Walter M. Miller, Jr., A Canticle for Leibowitz

1962 Robert Heinlein, Stranger in a Strange Land

1963 Philip K. Dick, The Man in the High Castle

1964 Clifford D. Simak, Way Station

1965 Fritz Leiber, The Wanderer

1966 Roger Zelazny, "And Call Me Conrad"
Frank Herbert, Dune

1967 Robert Heinlein, The Moon is a Harsh Mistress

1968 Roger Zelazny, Lord of Light

1969 John Brunner, Stand on Zanzibar

1970 Ursula K. Le Guin, The Left Hand of Darkness

1971 Larry Niven, Ringworld

1972 Philip José Farmer, To Your Scattered Bodies Go

1973 Isaac Asimov, The Gods Themselves

1974 Arthur C. Clarke, Rendezvous with Rama

1975 Ursula K. Le Guin, The Dispossessed

1976 Joe Haldeman, The Forever War

1977 Kate Wilhelm, Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang

1978 Frederik Pohl, Gateway

1979 Vonda N. McIntyre, Dreamsnake

1980 Arthur C. Clarke, The Fountains of Paradise

1981 Joan D. Vinge, The Snow Queen

1982 C. J. Cherryh, Downbelow Station

1983 Isaac Asimov, Foundation's Edge

1984 David Brin, Startide Rising

1985 William Gibson, Neuromancer

1986 Orson Scott Card, Ender's Game

1987 Orson Scott Card, Speaker for the Dead

1988 David Brin, The Uplift War

1989 C. J. Cherryh, Cyteen

1990 Dan Simmons, Hyperion

1991 Lois McMaster Bujold, The Vor Game

1992 Lois McMaster Bujold, Barrayar

1993 Vernor Vinge, A Fire Upon the Deep
Connie Willis, Doomsday Book

1994 Kim Stanley Robinson, Green Mars

1995 Lois McMaster Bujold, Mirror Dance

1996 Neal Stephenson, The Diamond Age

1997 Kim Stanley Robinson, Blue Mars

1998 Joe Haldeman, Forever Peace

1999 Connie Willis, To Say Nothing of the Dog

2000 Vernor Vinge, A Deepness in the Sky

2001 J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

2002 Neil Gaiman, American Gods

2003 Robert J. Sawyer, Hominids

2004 Lois McMaster Bujold, Paladin of Souls

2005 Susanna Clarke, Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell

2006 Robert Charles Wilson, Spin

2007 Vernor Vinge, Rainbows End

Hurricanes (Trivopaedia)

Category One Hurricane: Winds 74-95 mph (64-82 kt or 119-153 km/hr). Storm surge generally 4-5 ft above normal. No real damage to building structures. Damage primarily to unanchored mobile homes, shrubbery, and trees. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. Also, some coastal road flooding and minor pier damage.

Category Two Hurricane: Winds 96-110 mph (83-95 kt or 154-177 km/hr). Storm surge generally 6-8 feet above normal. Some roofing material, door, and window damage of buildings. Considerable damage to shrubbery and trees with some trees blown down. Considerable damage to mobile homes, poorly constructed signs, and piers. Coastal and low-lying escape routes flood 2-4 hours before arrival of the hurricane center. Small craft in unprotected anchorages break moorings.

Category Three Hurricane: Winds 111-130 mph (96-113 kt or 178-209 km/hr). Storm surge generally 9-12 ft above normal. Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings with a minor amount of curtainwall failures. Damage to shrubbery and trees with foliage blown off trees and large trees blown down. Mobile homes and poorly constructed signs are destroyed. Low-lying escape routes are cut by rising water 3-5 hours before arrival of the center of the hurricane. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures damaged by battering from floating debris. Terrain continuously lower than 5 ft above mean sea level may be flooded inland 8 miles (13 km) or more. Evacuation of low-lying residences with several blocks of the shoreline may be required.

Category Four Hurricane: Winds 131-155 mph (114-135 kt or 210-249 km/hr). Storm surge generally 13-18 ft above normal. More extensive curtainwall failures with some complete roof structure failures on small residences. Shrubs, trees, and all signs are blown down. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Extensive damage to doors and windows. Low-lying escape routes may be cut by rising water 3-5 hours before arrival of the center of the hurricane. Major damage to lower floors of structures near the shore. Terrain lower than 10 ft above sea level may be flooded requiring massive evacuation of residential areas as far inland as 6 miles (10 km).

Category Five Hurricane: Winds greater than 155 mph (135 kt or 249 km/hr). Storm surge generally greater than 18 ft above normal. Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. All shrubs, trees, and signs blown down. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Severe and extensive window and door damage. Low-lying escape routes are cut by rising water 3-5 hours before arrival of the center of the hurricane. Major damage to lower floors of all structures located less than 15 ft above sea level and within 500 yards of the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within 5-10 miles (8-16 km) of the shoreline may be required.

International car codes (Trivopaedia)

A...
A Austria
AFG Afghanistan
AL Albania
AND Andorra
ANG Angola
AR Armenia
AUS Australia
AZ Azerbaijan

B...
B Belgium
BD Bangladesh
BDS Barbados
BF Burkina Faso
BG Bulgaria
BH Belize
BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina
BOL Bolivia
BR Brasil
BRN Bahrain
BRU Brunei Darussalam
BS Bahamas
BY Belarus

C...
C Cuba
CDN Canada
CH Switzerland
CI Côte d'Ivoire
CO Colombia
CR Costa Rica
CY Cyprus
CZ Czech Republic

D...
D Germany
DK Denmark
DOM Dominican Republic
DZ Algeria

E...
E Spain
EAK Kenya
EAT Tanzania
EAU Uganda
EC Ecuador
ER Eritrea
ES El Salvador
EST Estland
ET Egypt
ETH Ehtiopia

F...
F France
FIN Finland
FJI Fiji
FL Liechtenstein
FR Faroe Islands

G...
GB United Kingdom
GBA Alderney
GBG Guernsey
GBJ Jersey
GBM Isle Man
GBZ Gibraltar
GCA Guatemala
GE Georgia
GH Ghana
GR Greece
GUY Guyana

H...
H Hungary
HK Hongkong
HN Honduras
HR Croatia

I...
I Italy
IL Israel
IND India
IR Iran
IRL Ireland
IRQ Iraq
IS Iceland

J...
J Japan
JA Jamaica
JOR Jordan

K...
K Cambodia
KS Kyrgyzstan
KSA Saudi Arabia
KWT Kuwait
KZ Kazakhstan

L...
L Luxembourg
LAO Laos
LS Lesotho
LT Lithuania
LV Latvia

M...
M Malta
MA Morocco
MAL Malaysia
MC Monaco
MD Moldova
MEX Mexico
MK Macedonia
MNE Montenegro
MOC Mozambique
MS Mauritania
MW Malawi
MYA Myanmar

N...
N Norway
NA Netherlands Antilles
NAM Namibia
NIC Nicaragua
NL Netherlands
NZ New Zealand

O...
OM Oman

P...
P Portugal
PA Panama
PE Peru
PK Pakistan
PL Poland
PR Puerto Rico
PY Paraguay

Q...
Q Qatar

R...
RA Argentinia
RB Botswana
RC China (Taiwan)
RCA Central African Republic
RCB Kongo
RCH Chile
RH Haiti
RI Indonesia
RIM Mauritania
RL Lebanon
RM Madagaskar
RMM Mali
RN Niger
RO Romania
ROK Korea (Republik)
ROU Uruguay
RP Philippines
RSM San Marino
RT Togo
RUS Russian Federation
RWA Rwanda

S...
S Sweden
SD Swasiland
SGP Singapore
SK Slovakia
SLO Slovenia
SME Suriname
SN Senegal
SP Somalia
SRB Serbia
SY Seyschelles
SYR Syria

T...
THA Thailand
TJ Tajikistan
TM Turkmenistan
TN Tunisia
TR Turkey
TT Trinidad and Tobago

U...
UA Ukraine
UAE United Arab Emirates
USA United States
UZ Uzbekistan

V...
V Vatican State
VN Vietnam

W...
WAG Gambia
WAL Sierra Leone
WAN Nigeria
WD Dominica
WG Grenada
WL Saint Lucia
WS Western Samoa
WV St. Vincent and the Grenadinen

Y...
YU Yugoslawia (obsolete)
YV Venezuela

Z...
Z Zambia
ZA South Africa
ZRE Zaire
ZW Zimbabwe

Inventions and Inventors (20th century onwards) (Trivopaedia)

1898 Sensitized photographic paper
Leo Hendrik Baekeland

1900 Rigid dirigible airship
Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin

1903 Airplane
Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright

1903 Electrocardiograph
Willem Einthoven

1905 Diode rectifier tube
Sir John Ambrose Fleming

1906 Gyrocompass
Hermann Anschütz-Kämpfe

1907 Triode amplifier tube
Lee De Forest

1910 Gyroscopic compass
Elmer Ambrose Sperry

1911 Vitamins
Casimir Funk

1911 Cellophane
Jacques Edwin Brandenberger

1911 Neon lamp
Georges Claude

1913 Ramjet engine
René Lorin

1913 Heterodyne radio receiver
Reginald Aubrey Fessenden

1915 Automobile self-starter
Charles Franklin Kettering

1916 Browning gun
John Moses Browning

1916 Gas-filled incandescent lamp
Irving Langmuir

1916 X-ray tube
William David Coolidge

1922 Insulin
Sir Frederick Grant Banting

1925 Quick-frozen food
Clarence Birdseye

1926 Liquid-fuel rocket
Robert Hutchings Goddard

1928 Penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming

1930 Nylon
Wallace Hume Carothers

1930 Modern gas-turbine engine
Sir Frank Whittle

1931 Cyclotron
Ernest Orlando Lawrence

1932 Van de Graaff generator
Robert Jemison Van de Graaff

1935 Radar
Sir Robert Watson-Watt

1935 Electron microscope
German scientists

1936 Twin-rotor helicopter
Heinrich Focke

1937 Nylon
Wallace Hume Carothers

1939 DDT
Paul Müller

1939 Helicopter
Igor Sikorsky

1941 Turbojet aircraft engine
Sir Frank Whittle

1942 Guided missile
Wernher von Braun

1942 Nuclear reactor
Enrico Fermi

1945 Atomic bomb
U.S. government scientists

1946 Electronic digital computer
John Presper Eckert, Jr., and John W. Mauchly

1947 Holography
Dennis Gabon

1947 Microwave oven
Percy L. Spencer

1948 Transistor
John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain and William Shockley

1949 Ramjet airplane
René Leduc

1950 Color television
Peter Carl Goldmark

1952 Hydrogen bomb
U.S. government scientists

1952 Bubble chamber
Donald Arthur Glaser

1954 Solar battery
Bell Telephone Laboratory scientists

1955 Carbon dating
W.F. Libby

1956 Hovercraft
Christopher Cockerell

1956 First prototype rotary engine
Felix Wankel

1956 Videotape
Charles Ginsberg Ray Dolby

1959 Integrated circuit
Jack Kilby Robert Noyce

1960 Laser
Charles Hard Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow and Gordon Gould

1962 Light-emitting diode
Nick Holonyak, Jr.

1964 Liquid-crystal display
George Heilmeier

1971 Microprocessor
Ted Hoff

1972 Electronic pocket calculator
J.S. Kilby and J.D. Merryman

1975 Fibreoptics
Bell Laboratories

1976 Supercomputer
J.H. Van Tassel and Seymour Cray
1980 Compact Disk Digital Audio
Philips and Sony

1992 World Wide Web
Tim Berners-Lee

Inventions and Inventors (up to 20th century) (Trivopaedia)

1590 Compound microscope
Zacharias Janssen

1593 Water thermometer
Galileo

1608 Telescope
Hans Lippershey

1642 Adding machine
Blaise Pascal

1643 Barometer
Evangelista Torricelli

1656 Pendulum clock
Christiaan Huygens

1668 Reflecting telescope
Isaac Newton

1671 Calculating machine
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

1701 Seed drill
Jethro Tull

1705 Steam engine
Thomas Newcomen

1710 Piano
Bartolomeo Cristofori

1714 Mercury thermometer
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

1717 Diving bell
Edmund Halley

1725 Stereotyping
William Ged

1752 Lightning rod
Benjamin Franklin

1759 Marine chronometer
John Harrison

1770 Automobile
Nicholas Joseph Cugnot

1775 Submarine
David Bushnell

1780 Steel pen
Samuel Harrison

1780 Bifocal lens
Benjamin Franklin

1783 Balloon
The Montgolfier brothers

1784 Threshing machine
Andrew Meikle

1786 Steamboat
John Fitch

1788 Flyball governor
James Watt

1791 Gas turbine
John Barber

1796 Smallpox vaccination
Edward Jenner

1800 Electric battery
Count Alessandro Volta

1804 Screw propeller
John Stevens

1804 Solid-fuel rocket
William Congreve

1810 Printing Press
Frederick Koenig

1815 Safety lamp
Sir Humphry Davy

1816 Bicycle
Karl D. Sauerbronn

1819 Stethoscope
René Théophile Hyacinthe Laënnee

1820 Galvanometer
Johann Salomo Cristoph Schweigger

1821 Electric motor
Michael Faraday

1823 Electromagnet
William Sturgeon

1827 Friction match
John Walker

1829 Typewriter
W.A. Burt

1829 Braille printing
Louis Braille

1830 Sewing machine
Barthélemy Thimonnier

1831 Dynamo
Michael Faraday

1835 Pistol
Samuel Colt

1838 Morse code
Samuel Finley Breese Morse

1839 Vulcanized rubber
Charles Goodyear

1845 Pneumatic tire
Robert William Thompson

1846 Ether
Crawford Williamson Long

1849 Reinforced concrete
F.J. Monier

1849 Safety pin
Walter Hunt

1852 Elevator
Elisha Graves Otis

1852 Gyroscope
Jean Bernard Léon Foucault

1855 Hypodermic syringe
Alexander Wood

1855 Safety matches
J.E. Lundstrom

1855 Gas burner
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen

1858 Harvester
Charles and William Marsh

1860 Gas engine
Étienne Lenoir

1861 Electric furnace
Wilhelm Siemens

1861 Machine gun
Richard Jordan Gatling

1861 Kinematoscope
Coleman Sellers

1865 Antiseptic surgery
Joseph Lister

1866 Paper
Benjamin Chew Tilghman

1866 Dynamite
Alfred Bernhard Nobel

1868 Dry cell
Georges Leclanché

1868 Typewriter
Carlos Glidden and Christopher Latham Sholes

1870 Celluloid
John Wesley Hyatt and Isaiah Hyatt

1876 Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell

1877 4 cycle combustion engine
Nikolaus August Otto

1877 Phonograph
Thomas Alva Edison

1877 Microphone
Emile Berliner

1877 Electric welding
Elihu Thomson

1878 Cathode ray tube
Sir William Crookes

1879 Cash register
James J. Ritty

1879 Incandescent filament lamp
Thomas Alva Edison and Sir Joseph Wilson Swan

1879 2 cycle Automobile engine
Karl Benz

1884 Steam turbine
C.A. Parsons

1884 Fountain pen
Lewis Edson Waterman

1885 AC transformer
William Stanley

1887 Air-inflated rubber tire
J.B. Dunlop

1887 Gramophone
Emile Berliner

1887 Gas mantle
Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach

1888 Adding machine
William Seward Burroughs

1888 Kodak camera
George Eastman

1889 Steam turbine
C.G. de Laval

1891 Glider
Otto Lilienthal

1892 AC motor
Nikola Tesla

1892 Three-color camera
Frederick Eugene Ives

1892 Vacuum flask
Sir James Dewar

1893 Photoelectric cell
Julius Elster Hans F. Geitel

1893 Diesel engine
Rudolf Diesel

1893 Gasoline automobile
Charles Edgar Duryea and J. Frank Duryea

1893 Motion picture machine
Thomas Alva Edison

1895 X-ray
Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen

1896 Experimental airplane
Samuel Pierpont Langley

1896 Wireless telegraph
Marchese Guglielmo Marconi

IQ notes (Trivopaedia)

In children at least, IQ = Mental age / Chronological age

100 Average for population
120 Grammar school level
136 Top 6% of population
140 Top 4% of population
148 Top 2% of population
150 Genius level
155 Top 1% of population

Breast fed babies have IQ's on average 8 points higher than non-breastfead babies.

James Bond Films (Trivopaedia)

David Niven :
1966 Casino Royale (also featuring Woody Allen)

Sean Connery :
1962 Dr No
1963 From Russia With Love
1964 Goldfinger
1965 Thunderball
1967 You Only Live Twice
1971 Diamonds Are Forever
1983 Never Say Never Again

George Lazenby :
1969 On Her Majesty's Secret Service

Roger Moore :
1973 Live and Let Die
1974 The Man With The Golden Gun
1977 The Spy Who Loved Me
1979 Moonraker
1981 For Your Eyes Only
1983 Octopussy
1985 A View To A Kill

Timothy Dalton :
1987 The Living Daylights
1989 Licence To Kill

Pierce Brosnan :
1995 Goldeneye
1997 Tomorrow Never Dies
1999 The World Is Not Enough
2002 Die Another Day

Daniel Craig :
2006 Casino Royale

James Bond Title Songs (Trivopaedia)

(Film, song, performer)

Dr. NO
The James Bond-Theme
Monty Norman

From Russia With Love
From Russia With Love
Matt Monro

Goldfinger
Goldfinger
Shirley Bassey

Thunderball
Thunderball
Tom Jones

You Only Live Twice
You Only Live Twice
Nancy Sinatra

On Her Majesty's Secret Service
We Have All The Time In The World
Lois Armstrong

Diamonds Are Forever
Diamonds Are Forever
Shirley Bassey

Live and Let Die
Live And Let Die
Paul McCartney The Wings

The Man With The Golden Gun
The Man With The Golden Gun
Lulu

The Spy Who Loved Me
Nobody Does It Better
Carly Simon

Moonraker
Moonraker
Shirley Bassey

For Your Eyes Only
For Your Eyes Only
Sheena Easton

Octopussy
All Time High
Rita Coolidge

Never Say Never Again
Never Say Never Again
Lani Hall

A View To A Kill
A View To A Kill
Duran Duran

The Living Daylights
The Living Daylights
A-HA

Licence To Kill
Licence To Kill
Gladys Knight

Goldeneye
Goldeneye
Tina Turner

Tomorrow Never Dies
Tomorrow Never Dies
Sheryl Crow

The World Is Not Enough
The World Is Not Enough
Garbage

Die Another Day
Die Another Day
Madonna

Casino Royale
You Know My Name
Chris Cornell

Jesus's Disciples (Trivopaedia)

Philip
Simon (known as Peter)
Andrew (Simons Brother)
Bartholomew
Thomas
James, son of Zebedee his brother John
Matthew (tax collector)
James, son of Alpheus
Thaddeus
Simon of Cannae
Judas Iscariot

Kings and Queens of England (Trivopaedia)

Saxons and Danes
----------------------------
Canute (Cnut) 1016-35
Edward the Confessor (Edward I) 1042-66
Harold II 1066

Normans
-------------
William I (the Conqueror) 1066-87
William II (Rufus) 1087-1100
Henry I 1100-35
Stephen 1135-54

House of Plantagenet (Angevin)
---------------------------------------------
Henry II 1154-89
Richard I (Lionheart) 1189-99
John 1199-1216
Henry III 1216-72
Edward I 1272-1307
Edward II 1307-27
Edward III 1327-77
Richard II 1377-99

House of Lancaster
----------------------------
Henry IV (Bolingbroke) 1399-1413
Henry V 1413-22
Henry VI 1422-61 and 1470-71

House of York
---------------------
Edward IV 1461-70 and 1471-83
Edward V 1483
Richard III 1483-85

(The change of throne between the House of Lancaster and the House of York indicates the power struggle that has become known as the War of the Roses).

Tudors
----------
Henry VII (Tudor) 1485-1509
Henry VIII 1509-47
Edward VI 1547-53
Lady Jane Grey (9 day Queen) 1553
Mary I 1553-58
Elizabeth I 1558-1603

Stuarts
-----------
James I 1603-25
Charles I 1625-49

The Commonwealth
-----------------------------
Oliver Cromwell 1649-58
Richard Cromwell 1658-59

Stuart Restoration
--------------------------
Charles II 1660-85
James II 1685-88
William III (of Orange) and Mary II 1689-1702
Anne 1702-14

House of Hanover
-------------------------
George I 1714-27
George II 1727-60
George III 1760-1820
George IV 1820-30
William IV 1830-37

House of Saxe-Coburg
---------------------------------
Victoria 1837-1901
Edward VII 1901-10

House of Windsor
--------------------------
George V 1910-36
Edward VIII 1936
George VI 1936-52
Elizabeth II 1953-

Knights of the Round Table (Trivopaedia)

Dryden said 12, Sir Walter Scott 16,
However 10 most accepted are...

Lancelot
Tristram
Lamorack
Tor
Galahad
Gawain
Palomides
Kay
Mark
Mordred

Largest and smallest countries (Trivopaedia)

(by area)

Russia 17,075,200 sqkm
Canada 9,970,610 sqkm
USA 9,629,047 sqkm
Brazil 8,547,404 sqkm
Australia 7,682,300 sqkm

Vatican City 0.44 sqkm
Monaco 1.95 sqkm
Nauru 21.3 sqkm
Tuvalu 26 sqkm
San Marino 60.2 sqkm

Largest Deserts (Trivopaedia)

(Area in Thousands of Square miles)

Sahara 3,500
Australian 600
Arabian 500
Gobi 400
Kalahari 275
Patagonia 260
Takla Makan 127
Sonoran 120
Kara Kum 105
Thar 105
Kyzyl Kum 90
Atacama 68
Mojave 25
Dasht-e-Lut 20
Dasht-e-Kavir 18

Largest Islands (Trivopaedia)

Greenland 840000 sq miles
New Guinea 304980
Borneo 289961
Madagascar 226657
Baffin Is (Canada) 195926
Sumatra 163011
Honshu (Japan) 88839
Great Britain 84186
Victoria Is (Canada) 83896
Ellesmere Is (Canada) 75767

NB. Australia (2941517) is normally regarded as a continental land mass.

Largest Lakes (Trivopaedia)

(Areas in thousands of square km)

Superior 82
Victoria 69
Aral Sea 68
Huron 59
Michigan 58
Tanganyika 32
Great Bear 31
Baikal 31
Great Slave 28
Erie 25
Winnipeg 24
Malawi 23
Maracaibo 21
Ontario 19

Latin abbreviations (Trivopaedia)

A.D. - Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord
ad lib - ad libitum, as much as you like
a.m. - ante meridien, before noon
contra - against
D.V. - Deo volente, God willing
e.g. - exempli gratia, for example
etc. - et cetera, and the rest
id. - idem, the same
i.e. - id est, that is
N.B. - nota bene, mark well
p.a. - per annum, for each year
p.m. - post meridiem, afternoon
ps. - post scriptum (written afterwards)
viz. - videlicet, namely
vs. - versus (compared) against

Leap years leap centuries (Trivopaedia)

Century years, such as 1900 2000, are leap years if they are evenly divisible by 400. The basic rules for calculating leap years are:

1) Years divisible by 4 are leap years, but
2) Years divisible by 100 are not leap years, but
3) Years divisible by 400 are leap years.

The need for leap years is due to the fact that the actual length of a year is 365.242 days, not 365, as is commonly stated. To account for this, an extra day is added as February 29th on years that are evenly divisible by 4 (eg. 1992).
Since the year is slightly less than 365.25 days long, adding an extra day every 4 years results in about 3 extra days being added over a 400-year period. For this reason, 1 out of every 4 century years also needs to be a leap year.
Using this arrangement a year has 365.2425 days on the average.

Life Expectancy - Female (Trivopaedia)

Australia - 80.6 Years
Austria - 81.2 Years
Belgium - 80.8 Years
Czech Rep. - 78.4 Years
Danmark - 79.0 Years
Canada - 80.7 Years
Cyprus - 80.3 Years
Estonia - 76.2 Years
Finland - 81.5 Years
France - 83.0 Years
Germany - 80.6 Years
Greece - 80.7 Years
Hungary - 75.6 Years
Ireland - 78.5 Years
Iceland - 80.8 Years
Italy - 82.9 Years
Japan - 84.2 Years
Latvia - 76.6 Years
Lithuania - 77.4 Years
Luxembourg - 81.3 Years
Malta - 80.8 Years
Netherlands - 80.6 Years
Norway - 81.4 Years
Poland - 78.4 Years
Portugal - 80.3 Years
Spain - 82.9 Years
Sweden - 82.1 Years
Switzerland - 82.8 Years
Slovakia - 77.2 Years
Slovenia - 79.6 Years
UK - 81.0 Years
USA - 80.0 Years

Life Expectancy - Male (Trivopaedia)

Australia - 74.7 Years
Austria - 75.4 Years
Belgium - 74.4 Years
Czech Rep. - 71.7 Years
Danmark - 74.3 Years
Canada - 74.2 Years
Cyprus - 75.7 Years
Estonia - 64.7 Years
Finland - 74.6 Years
France - 75.5 Years
Germany - 74.4 Years
Greece - 75.4 Years
Hungary - 67.2 Years
Irland - 73.0 Years
Iceland - 76.8 Years
Italy - 76.7 Years
Japan - 77.6 Years
Latvia - 65.2 Years
Lithuania - 65.9 Years
Luxembourg - 74.9 Years
Malta - 76.1 Years
Netherlands - 75.7 Years
Norway - 76.0 Years
Poland - 70.2 Years
Portugal - 73.5 Years
Spain - 75.6 Years
Sweden - 77.5 Years
Switzerland - 77.2 Years
Slovakia - 69.3 Years
Slovenia - 72.1 Years
UK - 76.0 Years
USA - 74.4 Years

Magpies (Trivopaedia)

1 for sorrow
2 for joy
3 for a girl
4 for a boy
5 for silver
6 for gold
7 for a secret never to be told
8's a wish
9's a kiss
10 is a bird you must not miss

Maslow list of human needs (Trivopaedia)

1. Eat, drink, sex
2. Safety, protection, security
3. Affection, involvement
4. Demanding love
5. Respect, recognition, self respect
6. knowledge, order, understanding
7. self actualisation, max personal development

Mohs hardness scale (modified) (Trivopaedia)

1 Talc
2 Gypsum
3 Calcite
4 Fluorite
5 Apatite
6 Orthoclase
7 Vitreous silica
8 Quartz or Stellite
9 Topaz
10 Garnet
11 Fused Zirconia
12 Fused Alumina
13 Silicon Carbide
14 Boron Carbide
15 Diamond

Months of the Year (Trivopaedia)

January - Janus, god of beginning and endings
February - Februae (Februalia), festival of purification
March - Mars, god of war
April - Aperio ("to open"), a reference to plant bulbs
May - Maia, goddess of fertility
June - Juno, goddess of women
July - Julius Caesar, Roman ruler (July was originally called Quintilis)
August - Augustus Caesar, Roman ruler (August was originally called Sextilis)
September - Septum, "seven"
October - Octo, "eight"
November - Novem, "nine"
December - Decem, "ten"

Morse Code (Trivopaedia)

A ·- J ·--- S ···
B -··· K -·- T -
C -·-· L ·-·· U ··-
D -·· M -- V···-
E · N -· W ·--
F ··-· O --- X -··-
G --· P ·--· Y -·--
H ···· Q --·- Z --··
I ·· R·-·

1 ·---- 6 -···
2 ··--- 7 --···
3 ···-- 8 ---··
4 ····- 9 ----·
5 ····· 0 -----
period .-.-.-
comma --..--
colon ---...
query ..--..
apostrophe .----.
hyphen -....-
fraction bar -..-.
parentheses -.--.-
quotation marks .-..-.

Most Common Adult Fears (Trivopaedia)

1. Public Speaking
2. Getting Fat
3. Going out alone at night
3. Going to the dentist
3 Own death
6. Spiders and insects
6. Swimming in the ocean
8. Being in high, exposed places, like the Eiffel Tower
9. Flying in planes
10. Being in a crowd of people
11. Being in the dark
12. Friday the 13th

Motorcycle Racing World Champions (Trivopaedia)

500cc up to and including 2001, 990cc 4-stroke from 2002.

Year, Rider, Nationality, Manufacturer

2006, Nicky Hayden, USA, Honda
2005, Valentino Rossi, Italy, Yamaha
2004, Valentino Rossi, Italy, Yamaha
2003, Valentino Rossi, Italy, Honda
2002, Valentino Rossi, Italy, Honda
2001, Valentino Rossi, Italy, Honda
2000, Kenny Roberts Jr, USA, Suzuki
1999, Alex Criville, Spain, Honda
1998, Mick Doohan, Australia, Honda
1997, Mick Doohan, Australia, Honda
1996, Mick Doohan, Australia, Honda
1995, Mick Doohan, Australia, Honda
1994, Mick Doohan, Australia, Honda
1993, Kevin Schwantz, USA, Suzuki
1992, Wayne Rainey, USA, Yamaha
1991, Wayne Rainey, USA, Yamaha
1990, Wayne Rainey, USA, Yamaha
1989, Eddie Lawson, USA, Honda
1988, Eddie Lawson, USA, Yamaha
1987, Wayne Gardner, Australia, Honda
1986, Eddie Lawson, USA, Yamaha
1985, Freddie Spencer, USA, Honda
1984, Eddie Lawson, USA, Yamaha
1983, Freddie Spencer, USA, Honda
1982, Franco Uncini, Italy, Suzuki
1981, Marco Lucchinelli, Italy, Suzuki
1980, Kenny Roberts, USA, Yamaha
1979, Kenny Roberts, USA, Yamaha
1978, Kenny Roberts, USA, Yamaha
1977, Barry Sheene, UK, Suzuki
1976, Barry Sheene, UK, Suzuki
1975, Giacomo Agostini, Italy, Yamaha
1974, Phil Read, UK, MV Agusta
1973, Phil Read, UK, MV Agusta
1972, Giacomo Agostini, Italy, MV Agusta
1971, Giacomo Agostini, Italy, MV Agusta
1970, Giacomo Agostini, Italy, MV Agusta
1969, Giacomo Agostini, Italy, MV Agusta
1968, Giacomo Agostini, Italy, MV Agusta
1967, Giacomo Agostini, Italy, MV Agusta
1966, Giacomo Agostini, Italy, MV Agusta
1965, Mike Hailwood, UK, MV Agusta
1964, Mike Hailwood, UK, MV Agusta
1963, Mike Hailwood, UK, MV Agusta
1962, Mike Hailwood, UK, MV Agusta
1961, Gary Hocking, UK/Rhodesia, MV Agusta
1960, John Surtees, UK, MV Agusta
1959, John Surtees, UK, MV Agusta
1958, John Surtees, UK, MV Agusta
1957, Libero Liberati, Italy, Gilera
1956, John Surtees, UK, MV Agusta
1955, Geoff Duke, UK, Gilera
1954, Geoff Duke, UK, Gilera
1953, Geoff Duke, UK, Gilera
1952, Umberto Masetti, Italy, Gilera
1951, Geoff Duke, UK, Norton
1950, Umberto Masetti, Italy, Gilera
1949, Les Graham, UK, AJS

Mr Men (Trivopaedia)

Nosey
Strong
Jelly
Mean
Sneeze
Greedy
Bounce
Fussy
Happy
Uppity
Mischief
Dizzy
Grumpy
Messy
Slow
Snow
Rush
Imposible
Skinny
Muddle
Tickle
Noisy
Quiet
Lazy
Small
Chatterbox
Topsey Turvey
Wrong
Tall
Funey
Clumsy
Nonsense
Bump
Daydream
Clever
Worry
Busy
Brave
Grumble
Perfect
Cheerful
Forgetful
Silly

Musical abbreviations (Trivopaedia)

Ad lib
Ad libitum

D.C.
Da capo

Dim.
Diminuendo

f
Forte

ff, fff
Fortissimo

fz
Forzando

G.P.
General pause, Grand pause

M.D.
Main droite, Mano destra

M.G.
M.S.
Main gauche, mano sinistra

mf
Mezzo forte

mp
Mezzo Piano

pp, ppp
Pianissimo

pizz
Pizzicato

rit
Ritenuto

sf, sfz
Sforzando, sforzato

V.S.
Volti subito

Musical Notes (Trivopaedia)

1/16th semi quaver
1/8th quaver
1/4th crochet
1/2th minum
whole semibreve

Musical terms (Trivopaedia)

A Cappella
Unaccompanied vocal piece

A tempo
Resume normal speed

Accelerando
Gradually faster

Ad libitum
At pleasure (style and speed at performers discretion)

Adagietto
Fairly slow

Adagio
Slow

Adagissimo
Very slow

Alla Breve
Two minims in a bar

Allargando
Getting slower

Allegretto
Fairly lively and fast

Allegro
Fast, lively

Andante
Moderate (walking) pace

Animato
Animated

Appassionata/o
Passionately

Arpeggio
Like a harp

Bis
Twice

Brio
Vigour

Cadenza
A passage usually towards end of a solo piece, where soloist plays alone in a skilled way

Canon
Piece of music where one voice repeats the part of another, throughout the whole piece.

Capo
The beginning

Capriccio, Caprice
A light, free piece of music

Coda
A passage at the end of a movement

Codetta
Little coda

Con Anima
with feeling

Con moto
With movement

Crescendo
Gradually louder

Da capo
From the beginning

Decrescendo
Becoming gradually softer

Diminuendo
Becoming gradually softer

Dolce
Sweetly, tenderly

Dolcissimo
Very sweetly and gently

Dolente
Sadly

Duet
Piece for two players

Energico
With energy

Espressivo
With expression

Finale
The last movement

Fine
The end

Forte, Loud

Fortissimo
Very Loud

Forzando
Forcingly, sudden emphasis or accent

Fuga
A fugue

Fugato
In fugal style

Fugue
A piece of music of contrapuntal style, based on a theme, with more than one voice

Furioso
Furiously

General pause, Grand pause
Everyone to remain silent (pause)

Glissando
Rapid scale passage produced by sliding over keys or strings

Grandioso
Grandly

Grave
Very slow and solemn

Grazioso
Gracefully

Impetuoso
Impetuously

Incalzando
Increasing speed and tone

L'istesso Tempo
Keep same speed

Lacrimoso
Sadly, tearfully

Lamentoso
Mournfully

Larghetto
Slightly faster than largo

Largo
Slow and stately

Legatissimo
As smooth as you can

Legato
Smooth

Leggiero
Light and delicate

Lento
Slow

Loco
Back to playing notes at their normal pitch

Lontano
As from a distance

Lunga pausa
Long pause

Lusingando
Coaxing

Ma non troppo
But not too much

Maestoso
Majestically

Main droite, Mano destra
Right hand

Main gauche, mano sinistra
Left hand

Mancando
Dying away

Marcia
March

Martellato
Hammered out

Marziale
Martial

Mesto
Sadly

Mezza voce Mezzo forte
Moderately loud

Mezzo Piano
Moderately quiet

Moderato
Moderate time

Morendo
Gradually dying away

Moto, Movimento
Movement

Muta
Change

Non troppo
Not too much

Obbligato
Obligatory, musn't be omitted

Ostinato
Persistently repeated

Ottava bassa
Octave lower

Parlando, Parlante
Sung in a talking fashion

Passionato
Passionately

Patetico
With feeling

Pausa
A Rest / break

Perdendosi
Dying away

Piacevole
Agreeable

Piangevole
Plaintively

Pianissimo
Very soft

Pizzicato
Plucked

Pochissimo
As small as possible

Portamento
Smooth glide from note to note

Prestissimo
As fast as possible

Presto
Very fast

Primo volta
First time

Quasi recitativo
Like a recital

Rallentando
Getting slower gradually

Repetizone, replica
Repeat

Rigoroso
Strictly, rigerous

Risoluto
Bold

Risvegliato
More animation

Ritardando
Gradually slower

Ritenuto
Hold back

Scherzando
Playful

Segue
Carry on

Sempre
Always

Senza misura
In free time

Senza sordini
Without mute

Sforzando, sforzato
Accented (forced)

Slargando, slentando
Gradually slower

Smorzando
Dying away

Soave
Smooth

Solenne
Solemn

Sordini
Mute

Sospirando
Sighingly

Sostenuto
Sustained

Spiritoso
Spirited

Staccatissimo
Very detached

Staccato
Detached

Stringendo
Gradually faster

Suave
Gentle, smooth

Sul Ponticello
Play near the violin bridge

Tacet
Silent

Tempo comodo
At a convenient speed

Tempo giusto
Strict time

Tempo primo
Back to original speed

Teneramente
Tenderly

Tosto
Rapid

Tranquillo
Calm

Tremolando, tremolo
Very rapid repitition of one or two notes

Tutta forza
Full power, as loud as possible

Unis
Play in unison again

Veloce
Quick

Vibrato
Vibrating

Vigoroso
Bold

Vite, vivace, vivement, vivo
Quick and lively

Voce
Voice

Volti subito
Turn page quickly

Musicians (Trivopaedia)

1 Soloist
2 Duet
3 Trio
4 Quartet
5 Quintet
6 Sextet
7 Septet
8 Octet

Nautic measure units (Trivopaedia)

Nautic mile (n.mi) : 1 arc minute of the earth circumference,
1852 meters
Knot (knot) : speed in sea-miles per hour
bruttoregisterton (brt) : 100 cubic foot, 2831.6846592 liter

Newton's Laws of Motion (Trivopaedia)

I - Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless impressed forces act on it

II - The change of momentum per unit time is proportional to the impressed force, and takes place in the direction of the straight line along which the force acts

III - Action and Reaction are always equal and opposite

Nobel chemistry prizes 1901-1950 (Trivopaedia)

1901 Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff (NL)

1902 Hermann Emil Fischer (D)

1903 Svante August Arrhenius (S)

1904 Sir William Ramsay (GB)

1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (D)

1906 Henri Moissan (F)

1907 Eduard Buchner (D)

1908 Ernest Rutherford (GB)

1909 Wilhelm Ostwald (D)

1910 Otto Wallach (D)

1911 Marie Curie (F)

1912 Victor Grignard (F), Paul Sabatier (F)

1913 Alfred Werner (CH)

1914 Theodore William Richards (USA)

1915 Richard Martin Willstätter (D)

1916 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1917 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1918 Fritz Haber (D)

1919 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1920 Walther Hermann Nernst (D)

1921 Frederick Soddy (GB)

1922 Francis William Aston (GB)

1923 Fritz Pregl (A)

1924 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (D)

1926 The (Theodor), Svedberg (S)

1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland (D)

1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (D)

1929 Arthur Harden (GB), Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (S)

1930 Hans Fischer (D)

1931 Carl Bosch (D), Friedrich Bergius (D)

1932 Irving Langmuir (USA)

1933 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1934 Harold Clayton Urey (USA)

1935 Frédéric Joliot (F), Irène Joliot-Curie (F)

1936 Petrus (Peter), Josephus Wilhelmus Debye (NL)

1937 Walter Norman Haworth (GB), Paul Karrer (CH)

1938 Richard Kuhn (D)

1939 Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (D), Leopold Ruzicka (CH)

1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1943 George de Hevesy (H)

1944 Otto Hahn (D)

1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (FIN)

1946 James Batcheller Sumner (USA), John Howard Northrop (USA), Wendell Meredith Stanley (USA)

1947 Sir Robert Robinson (GB)

1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (S)

1949 William Francis Giauque (USA)

1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels (D), Kurt Alder (D)

Nobel chemistry prizes 1951-present (Trivopaedia)

1951 Edwin Mattison McMillan (USA), Glenn Theodore Seaborg (USA)

1952 Archer John Porter Martin (GB), Richard Laurence Millington Synge (GB)

1953 Hermann Staudinger (D)

1954 Linus Carl Pauling (USA)

1955 Vincent du Vigneaud (USA)

1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (GB), Nikolay Nikolaevich Semjonov (SU)

1957 Lord Alexander R. Todd (GB)

1958 Frederick Sanger (GB)

1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský (CSSR)

1960 Willard Frank Libby (USA)

1961 Melvin Calvin (USA)

1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz (GB), John Cowdery Kendrew (GB)

1963 Karl Ziegler (D), Giulio Natta (I)

1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (GB)

1965 Robert Burns Woodward (USA)

1966 Robert S. Mulliken (USA)

1967 Manfred Eigen (D), Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (GB), George Porter (GB)

1968 Lars Onsager (USA)

1969 Derek H. R. Barton (GB), Odd Hassel (N)

1970 Luis F. Leloir (RA)

1971 Gerhard Herzberg (CDN)

1972 Christian B. Anfinsen (USA), Stanford Moore (USA), William H. Stein (USA)

1973 Ernst Otto Fischer (D), Geoffrey Wilkinson (GB)

1974 Paul J. Flory (USA)

1975 John Warcup Cornforth (GB), Vladimir Prelog (CH)

1976 William N. Lipscomb (USA)

1977 Ilya Prigogine (B)

1978 Peter D. Mitchell (GB)

1979 Herbert C. Brown (USA), Georg Wittig (D)

1980 Paul Berg (USA), Walter Gilbert (USA), Frederick Sanger (GB)

1981 Kenichi Fukui (J), Roald Hoffmann (USA)

1982 Aaron Klug (GB)

1983 Henry Taube (USA)

1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield (USA)

1985 Herbert A. Hauptman (USA), Jerome Karle (USA)

1986 Dudley R. Herschbach (USA), Yuan T. Lee (USA), John C. Polanyi (USA)

1987 Donald J. Cram (USA), Jean-Marie Lehn (USA), Charles J. Pedersen (USA)

1988 Johann Deisenhofer (D), Robert Huber (D), Hartmut Michel (D)

1989 Sidney Altman (CDN), Thomas R. Cech (USA)

1990 Elias James Corey (USA)

1991 Richard R. Ernst (CH)

1992 Rudolph A. Marcus (USA)

1993 Kary B. Mullis (GB), Michael Smith (GB)

1994 George A. Olah (USA)

1995 Paul J. Crutzen (NL), Mario J. Molina (USA), F. Sherwood Rowland (USA)

1996 Robert F. Curl Jr. (USA), Sir Harold W. Kroto (GB), Richard E. Smalley (USA)

1997 Paul D. Boyer (USA), John E. Walker (GB), Jens C. Skou (DK)

1998 Walter Kohn (A), John A. Pople (GB)

1999 Ahmed H. Zewail (ET)

2000 Alan J. Heeger (USA), Alan G. MacDiarmid (USA), Hideki Shirakawa (J)

2001 William S. Knowles (USA), Ryoji Noyori (J), K. Barry Sharpless (USA)

2002 John B. Fenn (USA), Koichi Tanaka (J), Kurt Wüthrich (CH)

2003 Robert F. Engle (USA), Clive W. J. Granger (GB)

2004 Aaron Ciechanover (IL), Avram Hershko(IL), Irwin Rose (USA)

2005 Yves Chauvin (FR), Robert H. Grubbs (USA), Richard R. Schrock (USA)

2006 Roger D. Kornberg (USA)

2007 Gerhard Ertl (D)

Nobel economics prizes (Trivopaedia)

1969 Ragnar Frisch (N), Jan Tinbergen (NL)

1970 Paul A. Samuelson (USA)

1971 Simon Kuznets (USA)

1972 John R. Hicks (GB), Kenneth J. Arrow (USA)

1973 Wassily Leontief (USA)

1974 Gunnar Myrdal (S), Friedrich August von Hayek (GB)

1975 Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich (USA), Tjalling C. Koopmans (USA)

1976 Milton Friedman (USA)

1977 Bertil Ohlin (S), James E. Meade (GB)

1978 Herbert A. Simon (USA)

1979 Theodore W. Schultz (USA), Sir Arthur Lewis (USA)

1980 Lawrence R. Klein (USA)

1981 James Tobin (USA)

1982 George J. Stigler (USA)

1983 Gerard Debreu (USA)

1984 Richard Stone (GB)

1985 Franco Modigliani (USA)

1986 James M. Buchanan Jr. (USA)

1987 Robert M. Solow (USA)

1988 Maurice Allais (F)

1989 Trygve Haavelmo (N)

1990 Harry M. Markowitz (USA), Merton H. Miller (USA), William F. Sharpe (USA)

1991 Ronald H. Coase (GB)

1992 Gary S. Becker (USA)

1993 Robert W. Fogel (USA), Douglass C. North (USA)

1994 John C. Harsanyi (USA), John F. Nash Jr. (USA), Reinhard Selten (D)

1995 Robert E. Lucas Jr. (USA)

1996 James A. Mirrlees (GB), William Vickrey (CAN)

1997 Robert C. Merton (USA), Myron S. Scholes (USA)

1998 Amartya Sen (IND)

1999 Robert A. Mundell (CAN)

2000 James J. Heckman (USA), Daniel L. McFadden (USA)

2001 George A. Akerlof (USA), A. Michael Spence (USA), Joseph E. Stiglitz (USA)

2002 Daniel Kahneman (USA/IL), Vernon L. Smith (USA)

2003 Robert F. Engle (USA), Clive W. J. Granger (GB)

2004 Finn E. Kydland (N), Edward C. Prescott (USA)

2005 Robert J. Aumann (IL, USA), Thomas C. Schelling (USA)

2006 Edmund Phelps (USA)

2007 Leonid Hurwicz (USA), Eric Maskin (USA) and Roger Myerson (USA)

Nobel literature prizes (Trivopaedia)

1901 Sully Prudhomme (F)

1902 Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (D)

1903 Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson (N)

1904 Frédéric Mistral (F), José Echegaray Y Eizaguirre (E)

1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz (PL)

1906 Giosuè Carducci (I)

1907 Rudyard Kipling (GB)

1908 Rudolf Christoph Eucken (D)

1909 Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (S)

1910 Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse (D)

1911 Count Maurice (Mooris), Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck (B)

1912 Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann (D)

1913 Rabindranath Tagore (IND)

1914 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1915 Romain Rolland (F)

1916 Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam (S)

1917 Karl Adolph Gjellerup (DK), Henrik Pontoppidan (DK)

1918 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1919 Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler (CH)

1920 Knut Pedersen Hamsun (N)

1921 Anatole France (F)

1922 Jacinto Benavente (E)

1923 William Butler Yeats (IRL)

1924 Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont (PL)

1925 George Bernard Shaw (GB)

1926 Grazia Deledda (I)

1927 Henri Bergson (F)

1928 Sigrid Undset (N)

1929 Thomas Mann (D)

1930 Sinclair Lewis (USA)

1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt (S)

1932 John Galsworthy (GB)

1933 Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin (stateless domicile in France)

1934 Luigi Pirandello (I)

1935 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1936 Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (USA)

1937 Roger Martin du Gard (F)

1938 Pearl Buck (USA)

1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää (FIN)

1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1943 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1944 Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (DK)

1945 Gabriela Mistral (RCH)

1946 Hermann Hesse (CH)

1947 André Paul Guillaume Gide (F)

1948 Thomas Stearns Eliot (GB)

1949 William Faulkner (USA)

1950 Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell (GB)

1951 Pär Fabian Lagerkvist (S)

1952 François Mauriac (F)

1953 Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (GB)

1954 Ernest Miller Hemingway (USA)

1955 Halldór Kiljan Laxness (IS)

1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez (E)

1957 Albert Camus (F)

1958 Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (SU)

1959 Salvatore Quasimodo (I)

1960 Saint-John Perse (F)

1961 Ivo Andric (YU)

1962 John Steinbeck (USA)

1963 Giorgos Seferis (GR)

1964 Jean-Paul Sartre (F)

1965 Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (SU)

1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon (IL), Nelly Sachs (S)

1967 Miguel Angel Asturias (GCA)

1968 Yasunari Kawabata (J)

1969 Samuel Beckett (IRL)

1970 Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn (SU)

1971 Pablo Neruda (RCH)

1972 Heinrich Böll (D)

1973 Patrick White (AUS)

1974 Eyvind Johnson (S), Harry Martinson (S)

1975 Eugenio Montale (I)

1976 Saul Bellow (USA)

1977 Vicente Aleixandre (E)

1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer (USA)

1979 Odysseus Elytis (GR)

1980 Czeslaw Milosz (USA)

1981 Elias Canetti (GB)

1982 Gabriel García Márquez (CO)

1983 William Golding (GB)

1984 Jaroslav Seifert (CSSR)

1985 Claude Simon (F)

1986 Wole Soyinka (WAN)

1987 Joseph Brodsky (USA)

1988 Naguib Mahfouz (ET)

1989 Camilo José Cela (E)

1990 Octavio Paz (MEX)

1991 Nadine Gordimer (ZA)

1992 Derek Walcott (WL)

1993 Toni Morrison (USA)

1994 Kenzaburo Oe (J)

1995 Seamus Heaney (IRL)

1996 Wislawa Szymborska (PL)

1997 Dario Fo (I)

1998 José Saramago (P)

1999 Günter Grass (D)

2000 Gao Xingjian (F)

2001 Sir V.S. Naipaul (GB)

2002 Imre Kertész (H)

2003 John M. Coetzee (ZA)

2004 Elfriede Jelinek (A)

2005 Harold Pinter (UK)

2006 Orhan Pamuk (Turkey)

2007 Doris Lessing (GB)

Nobel medicine prizes 1901-1950 (Trivopaedia)

1901 Emil Adolf von Behring (D)

1902 Ronald Ross (GB)

1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen (DK)

1904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (R)

1905 Robert Koch (D)

1906 Camillo Golgi (I), Santiago Ramón y Cajal (E)

1907 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (F)

1908 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (R), Paul Ehrlich (D)

1909 Emil Theodor Kocher (CH)

1910 Albrecht Kossel (D)

1911 Allvar Gullstrand (S)

1912 Alexis Carrel (USA)

1913 Charles Robert Richet (F)

1914 Robert Bárány (H)

1915 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1916 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1917 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1918 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1919 Jules Bordet (B)

1920 Schack August Steenberg Krogh (DK)

1921 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1922 Archibald Vivian Hill (GB), Otto Fritz Meyerhof (D)

1923 Frederick Grant Banting (CDN), John James Richard Macleod (CDN)

1924 Willem Einthoven (NL)

1925 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1926 Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger (DK)

1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg (A)

1928 Charles Jules Henri Nicolle (F)

1929 Christiaan Eijkman (NL), Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (GB)

1930 Karl Landsteiner (A)

1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg (D)

1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (GB), Edgar Douglas Adrian (GB)

1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan (USA)

1934 George Hoyt Whipple (USA), George Richards Minot (USA), William Parry Murphy (USA)

1935 Hans Spemann (D)

1936 Sir Henry Hallett Dale (GB), Otto Loewi (USA)

1937 Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt (H)

1938 Corneille Jean François Heymans (B)

1939 Gerhard Domagk (D)

1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1943 Henrik Carl Peter Dam (DK), Edward Adelbert Doisy (USA)

1944 Joseph Erlanger (USA), Herbert Spencer Gasser (USA)

1945 Sir Alexander Fleming (GB), Ernst Boris Chain (GB), Sir Howard Walter Florey (GB)

1946 Hermann Joseph Muller (USA)

1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori (USA), Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (USA), Bernardo Alberto Houssay (RA)

1948 Paul Hermann Müller (CH)

1949 Walter Rudolf Hess (CH), Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (P)

1950 Edward Calvin Kendall (USA), Tadeus Reichstein (CH), Philip Showalter Hench (USA)

Nobel medicine prizes 1951-2002 (Trivopaedia)

1951 Max Theiler (ZA)

1952 Selman Abraham Waksman (USA)

1953 Hans Adolf Krebs (GB), Fritz Albert Lipmann (USA)

1954 John Franklin Enders (USA), Thomas Huckle Weller (USA), Frederick Chapman Robbins (USA)

1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell (S)

1956 André Frédéric Cournand (USA), Werner Forßmann (D), Dickinson W. Richards (USA)

1957 Daniel Bovet (I)

1958 George Wells Beadle (USA), Edward Lawrie Tatum (USA), Joshua Lederberg (USA)

1959 Severo Ochoa (USA), Arthur Kornberg (USA)

1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (AUS), Peter Brian Medawar (GB)

1961 Georg von Békésy (USA)

1962 Francis Harry Compton Crick (GB), James Dewey Watson (USA), Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins (GB)

1963 Sir John Carew Eccles (AUS), Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (GB), Andrew Fielding Huxley (GB)

1964 Konrad Bloch (USA), Feodor Lynen (D)

1965 François Jacob (F), André Lwoff (F), Jacques Monod (F)

1966 Peyton Rous (USA), Charles Brenton Huggins (USA)

1967 Ragnar Granit (S), Haldan Keffer Hartline (USA), George Wald (USA)

1968 Robert W. Holley (USA), Har Gobind Khorana (USA), Marshall W. Nirenberg (USA)

1969 Max Delbrück (USA), Alfred D. Hershey (USA), Salvador E. Luria (USA)

1970 Sir Bernard Katz (GB), Ulf von Euler (S), Julius Axelrod (USA)

1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. (USA)

1972 Gerald M. Edelman (USA), Rodney R. Porter (GB)

1973 Karl von Frisch (D), Konrad Lorenz (A), Nikolaas Tinbergen (GB)

1974 Albert Claude (B), Christian de Duve (B), George E. Palade (USA)

1975 David Baltimore (USA), Renato Dulbecco (USA), Howard Martin Temin (USA)

1976 Baruch S. Blumberg (USA), D. Carleton Gajdusek (USA)

1977 Roger Guillemin (USA), Andrew V. Schally (USA), Rosalyn Yalow (USA)

1978 Werner Arber (CH), Daniel Nathans (USA), Hamilton O. Smith (USA)

1979 Allan M. Cormack (USA), Godfrey N. Hounsfield (GB)

1980 Baruj Benacerraf (USA), Jean Dausset (F), George D. Snell (USA)

1981 Roger W. Sperry (USA), David H. Hubel (CDN), Torsten N. Wiesel (USA)

1982 Sune K. Bergström (S), Bengt I. Samuelsson (S), John R. Vane (GB)

1983 Barbara McClintock (USA)

1984 Niels K. Jerne (DK), Georges J.F. Köhler (D), César Milstein (RA)

1985 Michael S. Brown (USA), Joseph L. Goldstein (USA)

1986 Stanley Cohen (USA), Rita Levi-Montalcini (USA)

1987 Susumu Tonegawa (J)

1988 Sir James W. Black (GB), Gertrude B. Elion (USA), George H. Hitchings (USA)

1989 J. Michael Bishop (USA), Harold E. Varmus (USA)

1990 Joseph E. Murray (USA), E. Donnall Thomas (USA)

1991 Erwin Neher (D), Bert Sakmann (D)

1992 Edmond H. Fischer (USA), Edwin G. Krebs (USA)

1993 Richard J. Roberts (USA), Phillip A. Sharp (USA)

1994 Alfred G. Gilman (USA), Martin Rodbell (USA)

1995 Edward B. Lewis (USA), Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (D), Eric F. Wieschaus (USA)

1996 Peter C. Doherty (AUS), Rolf M. Zinkernagel (CH)

1997 Stanley B. Prusiner (USA)

1998 Robert F. Furchgott (USA), Louis J. Ignarro (USA), Ferid Murad (USA)

1999 Günter Blobel (USA)

2000 Arvid Carlsson (S), Paul Greengard (USA), Eric R Kandel (USA)

2001 Leland H. Hartwell (USA), R. Timothy Hunt (GB), Paul M. Nurse (GB)

2002 Sydney Brenner (UK), H. Robert Horvitz (USA), John E. Sulston (UK)

2003 Paul C. Lauterbur (US), Sir Peter Mansfield (UK)

2004 Richard Axel (US), Linda B. Buck (US)

2005 Barry J. Marshall (AUS), J. Robin Warren (AUS)

2006 Andrew Fire, Craig C. Mello

2007 Mario Capecchi (USA), Martin Evans (GB) and Oliver Smithies (GB)

Nobel peace prizes (Trivopaedia)

1901 Jean Henri Dunant (CH), Frédéric Passy (F)

1902 Élie Ducommun (CH), Charles Albert Gobat (CH)

1903 William Randal Cremer (GB)

1904 Institute of International Law (B)

1905 née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner (A)

1906 Theodore Roosevelt (USA)

1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (I), Louis Renault (F)

1908 Klas Pontus Arnoldson (S) Fredrik Bajer (DK)

1909 Auguste Marie François Beernaert (B), Baron d'Estournelles de Constant de Rebecque Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet (F)

1910 International Peace Bureau

1911 Tobias M.C. Asser (N), Alfred H. Fried (A)

1912 Elihu Root (USA)

1913 Henri Lafontaine (B)

1914 Not awarded

1915 Not awarded

1916 Not awarded

1917 International Committee of the Red Cross

1919 Woodrow Wilson (USA)

1920 Léon V.A. Bourgeois (F)

1921 Karl H. Branting (S), Christian L. Lange (N)

1922 Fridtjof Nansen (N)

1923 Not awarded

1924 Not awarded

1925 Charles G. Dawes (USA), Sir (Joseph) Austen Chamberlain (GB)

1926 Briand, Aristide (F), Stresemann, Gustav (D)

1927 Ferdinand Buisson (F), Ludwig Quidde (D)

1928 Not awarded

1929 Frank B. Kellogg (USA)

1930 Nathan Söderblom (USA)

1931 Jane Addams (USA), Nicholas M. Butler (USA)

1932 Not awarded

1933 Sir Norman Angell (GB)

1934 Arthur Henderson (GB)

1935 Carl von Ossietzky (D)

1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas (RA)

1937 Edgar Algernon Robert Cecil (GB)

1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees

1939 Not awarded

1940 Not awarded

1941 Not awarded

1942 Not awarded

1943 Not awarded

1944 International Committee of the Red Cross

1945 Cordell Hull (USA)

1946 Emily G. Balch (USA), John R. Mott (USA)

1947 Friends Service Council (GB), American Friends Service Committee (USA)

1948 Not awarded

1949 John Boyd Orr (GB)

1950 Ralph J. Bunche (USA)

1951 Léon Jouhaux (F)

1952 Albert Schweitzer (F)

1953 George C. Marshall (USA)

1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

1955 Not awarded

1956 Not awarded

1957 Lester B. Pearson (CDN)

1958 Dominique G. Pire (B)

1959 Philip J. Noel-Baker (GB)

1960 Albert J. Luthuli (ZA)

1961 Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld (S)

1962 Linus C. Pauling (USA)

1963 International Committee of the Red Cross League of Red Cross Societies

1964 Martin Luther, King (USA)

1965 United Nations Children's Fund

1966 Not awarded

1967 Not awarded

1968 René Cassin (F)

1969 International Labor Organization

1970 Norman E. Borlaug (USA)

1971 Willy Brandt (D)

1972 Not awarded

1973 Henry A. Kissinger (USA), Le Duc Tho (VN)

1974 Eisaku Sato (J), Sean MacBride (IRL)

1975 Andrey Sakharov (USSR)

1976 Mairead Corrigan (NIR), Betty Williams (NIR)

1977 Amnesty International

1978 Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat (ET), Menachem Begin (IL)

1979 Mother Teresa of Calcutta (IND)

1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (RA)

1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

1982 Alva Myrdal (S), Alfonso Garcia Robles (MEX)

1983 Lech Walesa (PL)

1984 Desmond Tutu (ZA)

1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (USA)

1986 Elie Wiesel (USA)

1987 Oscar Arias Sanchez (CR)

1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces

1989 The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) (Tibet)

1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (USSR)

1991 Aung San Suu Kyi (Burma)

1992 Rigoberta Menchú (GCA)

1993 Frederik Willem de Klerk (ZA), Nelson Mandela (ZA)

1994 Yasir Arafat (Palestine), Shimon Peres (IL), Yitzhak Rabin (IL)

1995 Joseph Rotblat (GB) and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs (CDN)

1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo (RI) Jose Ramos-Horta (RI)

1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and to the campaign's coordinator Jody Williams

1998 John Hume (NIR) and David Trimble (NIR), for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland

1999 Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)

2000 Kim Dae Jung (ROK) for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general

2001 United Nations (U.N.), Kofi Annan (GH)

2002 Jimmy Carter Jr. (USA)

2003 Shirin Ebadi (IR)

2004 Wangari Maathai (EAK)

2005 International Atomic Energy Agency, Mohammed el-Baradei

2006 Muhammad Yunus (Bangladesh) and Grameen Bank (Bangladesh)

2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Al Gore (US)

Nobel physics prizes 1901-1950 (Trivopaedia)

1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (D)

1902 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (NL), Pieter Zeeman (NL)

1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel (F), Pierre Curie (F), Marie Curie (F)

1904 Lord (John William Strutt) Rayleigh (GB)

1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (D)

1906 Sir Joseph John Thomson (GB)

1907 Albert Abraham Michelson (USA)

1908 Gabriel Lippmann (F)

1909 Guglielmo Marconi (I), Carl Ferdinand Braun (D)

1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals (NL)

1911 Wilhelm Wien (D)

1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén (S)

1913 Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes (NL)

1914 Max von Laue (D)

1915 Sir William Henry Bragg (GB), William Lawrence Bragg (GB)

1916 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1917 Charles Glover Barkla (GB)

1918 Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (D)

1919 Johannes Stark (D)

1920 Charles Edouard Guillaume (F)

1921 Albert Einstein (D)

1922 Niels Henrik David Bohr (DK)

1923 Robert Andrews Millikan (USA)

1924 Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn (S)

1925 James Franck (D), Gustav Ludwig Hertz (D)

1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin (F)

1927 Arthur Holly Compton (USA), Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (GB)

1928 Owen Willans Richardson (GB)

1929 Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie (F)

1930 Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (IND)

1931 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section

1932 Werner Karl Heisenberg (D)

1933 Erwin Schrödinger (A), Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (GB)

1934 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1935 James Chadwick (GB)

1936 Victor Franz Hess (A), Carl David Anderson (USA)

1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson (USA), George Paget Thomson (GB)

1938 Enrico Fermi (I)

1939 Ernest Orlando Lawrence (USA)

1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section

1943 Otto Stern (USA)

1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi (USA)

1945 Wolfgang Pauli (A)

1946 Percy Williams Bridgman (USA)

1947 Sir Edward Victor Appleton (GB)

1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (GB)

1949 Hideki Yukawa (J)

1950 Cecil Frank Powell (GB)

Nobel physics prizes 1950-2002 (Trivopaedia)

1951 Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (GB), Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (IRL)

1952 Felix Bloch (USA), Edward Mills Purcell (USA)

1953 Frits (Frederik) Zernike (NL)

1954 Max Born (GB), Walther Bothe (D)

1955 Willis Eugene Lamb (USA), Polykarp Kusch (USA)

1956 William Bradford Shockley (USA), John Bardeen (USA), Walter Houser Brattain (USA)

1957 Chen Ning Yang (RC), Tsung-Dao Lee (RC)

1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (SU), Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank (SU), Igor Yergenyevich Tamm (SU)

1959 Emilio Gino Segrè (USA), Owen Chamberlain (USA)

1960 Donald Arthur Glaser (USA)

1961 Robert Hofstadter (USA), Rudolf Ludwig Mößbauer (USA)

1962 Lev Davidovich Landau (SU)

1963 Eugene Paul Wigner (USA), Maria Goeppert-Mayer (USA), J. Hans D. Jensen (USA)

1964 Charles Hard Townes (USA), Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov (USA), Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov (USA)

1965 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (J), Julian Schwinger (USA), Richard P. Feynman (USA)

1966 Alfred Kastler (F)

1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe (USA)

1968 Luis Walter Alvarez (USA)

1969 Murray Gell-Mann (USA)

1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (S), Louis Eugène Félix Néel (F)

1971 Dennis Gabor (GB)

1972 John Bardeen (USA), Leon Neil Cooper (USA), John Robert Schrieffer (USA)

1973 Leo Esaki (J), Ivar Giaever (GB), Brian David Josephson (GB)

1974 Sir Martin Ryle (GB), Antony Hewish (GB)

1975 Aage Niels Bohr (DK), Ben Roy Mottelson (DK), Leo James Rainwater (USA)

1976 Burton Richter (USA), Samuel Chao Chung Ting (USA)

1977 Philip Warren Anderson (USA), Sir Nevill Francis Mott (GB), John Hasbrouck van Vleck (USA)

1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (SU), Arno Allan Penzias (USA), Robert Woodrow Wilson (USA)

1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow (USA), Abdus Salam (USA), Steven Weinberg (USA)

1980 James Watson Cronin (USA), Val Logsdon Fitch (USA)

1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen (USA), Arthur Leonard Schawlow (USA), Kai M. Siegbahn (S)

1982 Kenneth G. Wilson (USA)

1983 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar (USA), William Alfred Fowler (USA)

1984 Carlo Rubbia (I), Simon van der Meer (NL)

1985 Klaus von Klitzing (D)

1986 Ernst Ruska (D), Gerd Binnig (D), Heinrich Rohrer (CH)

1987 J. Georg Bednorz (D), K. Alexander Müller (CH)

1988 Leon M. Lederman (USA), Melvin Schwartz (USA), Jack Steinberger (US)

1989 Norman F. Ramsey (USA), Hans G. Dehmelt (D), Wolfgang Paul (D)

1990 Jerome I. Friedman (USA), Henry W. Kendall (USA), Richard E. Taylor (CDN)

1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (F)

1992 Georges Charpak (F)

1993 Russell A. Hulse (USA), Joseph H. Taylor Jr. (USA)

1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse (CDN), Clifford G. Shull (USA)

1995 Martin L. Perl (USA), Frederick Reines (USA)

1996 David M. Lee (USA), Douglas D. Osheroff (USA), Robert C. Richardson (USA)

1997 Steven Chu (USA), Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (F), William D. Phillips (USA)

1998 Robert B. Laughlin (USA), Horst L. Störmer (D), Daniel C. Tsui (USA)

1999 Gerardus 't Hooft (NL), Martinus J.G. Veltman (NL)

2000 Zhores I Alferov (RUS), Herbert Kroemer (D), Jack S. Kilby (USA)

2001 Eric A. Cornell (USA), Wolfgang Ketterle (D), Carl E. Wieman (USA)

2002 Raymond Davis Jr. (USA), Masatoshi Koshiba (J), Riccardo Giacconi (USA)

2003 Vitali L. Ginsburg (RUS), Alexej A. Abrikosow (RUS/USA), Anthony J. Leggett (GB/USA)

2004 David J. Gross (USA), H. David Politzer (USA), Frank Wilczek (USA)

2005 Roy J. Glauber (USA), John L. Hall (USA), Theodor W. Hänsch (D)

2006 John C. Mather (USA), George F. Smoot (USA)

2007 Albert Fert (F) and Peter Grünberg (D)

Norse Gods and Myths (Trivopaedia)

Asen
The gods stirps.

Asgard
The home of the gods.
Balder
He represents light, advice, reconciliation, beauty, gentleness, reincarnation, wisdom, harmony, happiness. Balder will return from Hel after Ragnarok and will rule as one of the new Gods. His name means "The Bright One".

Bragi
The god of poetry and eloquence. He was married to the goddess Iduna who dwelt in the underworld.

Fenris
The monstrous wolf of the god Loki.

Forseti
A god of justice. He is the son of Balder and Nanna and lives at Glitnir.

Freya
Freya (Freyja) is the goddess of love, fertility, war, and wealth. Originally one of the Vanir. She was the daughter of Njord, and the sister of Frey.

Frey(r)
Freyr was Odin in another form as the god of rain, sunshine and fruits. He married Gredr.

Frigg, Frija
The goddess of marriage. She is the wife of Odin, and lives at Fensalir. She weaved the clouds.

Heimdall
Heimdall was the watchman of the bridge, Bifrost, which led to the underworld.

Hel
Hel (Hela) was the Norse goddess of the underworld. She was a daughter of Loki and the giant Angurboda.

Hodur (Hod)
A son of Odin. The blind god of winter, who is tricked by Loki into killing Balder.

Iduna
Iduna was the wife of Bragi. She kept golden apples in a box which the gods ate to keep themselves young.

Loki
He became a member of the Aesir when Odin made Loki his blood brother. His children are the Midgard serpent Jormungander, which girdles the Earth; the wolf Fenris; and Hela, goddess of death.

Niflheim
Like Hel a description for the underworld.

Njord
Njord is a sea god of fruitfulness who lives in Noa-tun. Father of Frey and Freya

Norns
The Norns were three sisters responsible for the destiny of individuals and gods: Urd (Past, Destiny), Werdandi (Present) and Skuld (Future)

Odin
Odin was chief god of Norse mythology. Originally storm god, then sky god; Tto equate with the greek-roman Zeus resp. Jupiter

Ragnarok
The ultimate battle between good and evil from which a new order will come.

Thor
Thor was the son of Odin, the god of thunder and the main enemy of the giants, smashing their heads with his mighty hammer Mjollnir

Tiu
The god of war and athletic sports.

Uli (Ulle)
The god of the chase, archery and hunting.

Valhalla
The paradise where the souls of dead warriors go to.

Valkyries
Sent by Odin into battle to select those who would go to Valhalla, lead by Freyja. Battle virgins, women trained in battle and war magic who would enter the fray with the warriors.

Widar
The god second in strength to Thor, and who would kill the wolf Fenris by wrentching the wolve's jaws asunder.

Woden
Woden was the Anglo-Saxon form of the name of the god called Odin by the Norse.

Yggdrasil
Yggdrasil is the oldest of all trees. It stands in the centre of the world and divides the planes.

Olympic Venues (Summer) (Trivopaedia)

1896 Athens
1900 Paris
1904 St Louis
1908 London
1912 Stockholm
1920 Antwerp
1924 Paris
1928 Amsterdam
1932 Los Angeles
1936 Berlin
1948 London
1952 Helsinki
1956 Melbourne/Stockholm (Equestrian)
1960 Rome
1964 Tokyo
1968 Mexico
1972 Munich
1976 Montreal
1980 Moscow
1984 Los Angeles
1988 Seoul
1992 Barcelonas
1996 Atlanta
2000 Sydney
2004 Athens
2008 Beijing

Olympic Venues (Winter) (Trivopaedia)

1924 Chamonix
1928 St Moritz
1932 Lake Placid
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1948 St Moritz
1952 Oslo
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
1960 Squaw Valley
1964 Innsbruck
1968 Grenoble
1972 Sapporo
1976 Innsbruck
1980 Lake Placid
1984 Sarajevo
1988 Calgary
1992 Albertville
1994 Lillehammer
1998 Nagano
2002 Salt Lake City
2006 Turin

Oscars (Best Actor) (Trivopaedia)

2007 Daniel Day-Lewis - THERE WILL BE BLOOD

2006 Forest Whitaker, THE LAST KING OF SCOTLAND

2005 Philip Seymour Hoffman - CAPOTE

2004 Jamie Foxx - RAY

2003 Sean Penn - MYSTIC RIVER

2002 Adrien Brody - THE PIANIST

2001 Denzel Washington - TRAINING DAY

2000 Russell Crowe - GLADIATOR

1999 Kevin Spacey - AMERICAN BEAUTY

1998 Roberto Benigni - LIFE IS BEAUTIFUL

1997 Jack Nicholson - AS GOOD AS IT GETS

1996 Geoffrey Rush - SHINE

1995 Nicolas Cage - LEAVING LAS VEGAS

1994 Tom Hanks - FORREST GUMP

1993 Tom Hanks - PHILADELPHIA

1992 Al Pacino - SCENT OF A WOMAN

1991 Anthony Hopkins - THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS

1990 Jeremy Irons - REVERSAL OF FORTUNE

1989 Daniel Day-Lewis - MY LEFT FOOT

1988 Dustin Hoffman - RAIN MAN

1987 Michael Douglas - WALL STREET

1986 Paul Newman - THE COLOR OF MONEY

1985 William Hurt - KISS OF THE SPIDER WOMAN

1984 F. Murray Abraham - AMADEUS

1983 Robert Duvall - TENDER MERCIES

1982 Ben Kingsley - GANDHI

1981 Henry Fonda - ON GOLDEN POND

1980 Robert De Niro - RAGING BULL

1979 Dustin Hoffman - KRAMER VS. KRAMER

1978 Jon Voight - COMING HOME

1977 Richard Dreyfuss - THE GOODBYE GIRL

1976 Peter Finch - NETWORK

1975 Jack Nicholson - ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO'S NEST

1974 Art Carney - HARRY AND TONTO

1973 Jack Lemmon - SAVE THE TIGER

1972 Marlon Brando - THE GODFATHER

1971 Gene Hackman - THE FRENCH CONNECTION

1970 George C. Scott - PATTON

1969 John Wayne - TRUE GRIT

1968 Cliff Robertson - CHARLY

1967 Rod Steiger - IN THE HEAT OF THE NIGHT

1966 Paul Scofield - A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS

1965 Lee Marvin - CAT BALLOU

1964 Rex Harrison - MY FAIR LADY

1963 Sidney Poitier - LILIES OF THE FIELD

1962 Gregory Peck - TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD

1961 Maximilian Schell - JUDGMENT AT NUREMBERG

1960 Burt Lancaster - ELMER GANTRY

1959 Charlton Heston - BEN-HUR

1958 David Niven - SEPARATE TABLES

1957 Alec Guinness - THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI

1956 Yul Brynner - THE KING AND I

1955 Ernest Borgnine - MARTY

1954 Marlon Brando - ON THE WATERFRONT

1953 William Holden - STALAG 17

1952 Gary Cooper - HIGH NOON

1951 Humphrey Bogart - THE AFRICAN QUEEN

1950 Jose Ferrer - CYRANO DE BERGERAC

1949 Broderick Crawford - ALL THE KING'S MEN

1948 Laurence Olivier - HAMLET

1947 Ronald Colman - A DOUBLE LIFE

1946 Fredric March - THE BEST YEARS OF OUR LIVES

1945 Ray Milland - THE LOST WEEKEND

1944 Bing Crosby - GOING MY WAY

1943 Paul Lukas - WATCH ON THE RHINE

1942 James Cagney - YANKEE DOODLE DANDY

1941 Gary Cooper - SERGEANT YORK

1940 James Stewart - THE PHILADELPHIA STORY

1939 Robert Donat - GOODBYE, MR. CHIPS

1938 Spencer Tracy - BOYS TOWN

1937 Spencer Tracy - CAPTAINS COURAGEOUS

1936 Paul Muni - THE STORY OF LOUIS PASTEUR

1935 Victor McLaglen - THE INFORMER

1934 Clark Gable - IT HAPPENED ONE NIGHT

1933 Charles Laughton - THE PRIVATE LIFE OF HENRY VIII

1932 Wallace Beery - THE CHAMP
Fredric March - DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE

1931 Lionel Barrymore - A FREE SOUL

1930 George Arliss - DISRAELI

1929 Warner Baxter - IN OLD ARIZONA

1928 Emil Jannings - THE LAST COMMAND
Emil Jannings - THE WAY OF ALL FLESH

Oscars (best Actress) (Trivopaedia)

2007 Marion Cotillard - LA VIE EN ROSE

2006 Helen Mirren - THE QUEEN

2005 Reese Witherspoon - WALK THE LINE

2004 Hilary Swank - MILLION DOLLAR BABY

2003 Charlize Theron - MONSTER

2002 Nicole Kidman - THE HOURS

2001 Halle Berry - MONTER'S BALL

2000 Julia Roberts - ERIN BROCKOVICH

1999 Hilary Swank - BOYS DON'T CRY

1998 Gwyneth Paltrow - SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE

1997 Helen Hunt - AS GOOD AS IT GETS

1996 Frances McDormand - FARGO

1995 Susan Sarandon - DEAD MAN WALKING

1994 Jessica Lange - BLUE SKY

1993 Holly Hunter - THE PIANO

1992 Emma Thompson - HOWARDS END

1991 Jodie Foster - THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS

1990 Kathy Bates - MISERY

1989 Jessica Tandy - DRIVING MISS DAISY

1988 Jodie Foster - THE ACCUSED

1987 Cher - MOONSTRUCK

1986 Marlee Matlin - CHILDREN OF A LESSER GOD

1985 Geraldine Page - THE TRIP TO BOUNTIFUL

1984 Sally Field - PLACES IN THE HEART

1983 Shirley MacLaine - TERMS OF ENDEARMENT

1982 Meryl Streep - SOPHIE'S CHOICE

1981 Katharine Hepburn - ON GOLDEN POND

1980 Sissy Spacek - COAL MINER'S DAUGHTER

1979 Sally Field - NORMA RAE

1978 Jane Fonda - COMING HOME

1977 Diane Keaton - ANNIE HALL

1976 Faye Dunaway - NETWORK

1975 Louise Fletcher - ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO'S NEST

1974 Ellen Burstyn - ALICE DOESN'T LIVE HERE ANYMORE

1973 Glenda Jackson - A TOUCH OF CLASS

1972 Liza Minnelli - CABARET

1971 Jane Fonda - KLUTE

1970 Glenda Jackson - WOMEN IN LOVE

1969 Maggie Smith - THE PRIME OF MISS JEAN BRODIE

1968 Katharine Hepburn - THE LION IN WINTER
Barbra Streisand - FUNNY GIRL

1967 Katharine Hepburn - GUESS WHO'S COMING TO DINNER

1966 Elizabeth Taylor - WHO'S AFRAID OF VIRGINIA WOOLF?

1965 Julie Christie - DARLING

1964 Julie Andrews - MARY POPPINS

1963 Patricia Neal - HUD

1962 Anne Bancroft - THE MIRACLE WORKER

1961 Sophia Loren - TWO WOMEN

1960 Elizabeth Taylor - BUTTERFIELD 8

1959 Simone Signoret - ROOM AT THE TOP

1958 Susan Hayward - I WANT TO LIVE!

1957 Joanne Woodward - THE THREE FACES OF EVE

1956 Ingrid Bergman - ANASTASIA

1955 Anna Magnani - THE ROSE TATTOO

1954 Grace Kelly - THE COUNTRY GIRL

1953 Audrey Hepburn - ROMAN HOLIDAY

1952 Shirley Booth - COME BACK, LITTLE SHEBA

1951 Vivien Leigh - A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE

1950 Judy Holliday - BORN YESTERDAY

1949 Olivia de Havilland - THE HEIRESS

1948 Jane Wyman - JOHNNY BELINDA

1947 Loretta Young - THE FARMER'S DAUGHTER

1946 Olivia de Havilland - TO EACH HIS OWN

1945 Joan Crawford - MILDRED PIERCE

1944 Ingrid Bergman - GASLIGHT

1943 Jennifer Jones - THE SONG OF BERNADETTE

1942 Greer Garson - MRS. MINIVER

1941 Joan Fontaine - SUSPICION

1940 Ginger Rogers - KITTY FOYLE

1939 Vivien Leigh - GONE WITH THE WIND

1938 Bette Davis - JEZEBEL

1937 Luise Rainer - THE GOOD EARTH

1936 Luise Rainer - THE GREAT ZIEGFELD

1935 Bette Davis - DANGEROUS

1934 Claudette Colbert - IT HAPPENED ONE NIGHT

1933 Katharine Hepburn - MORNING GLORY

1932 Helen Hayes - THE SIN OF MADELON CLAUDET

1931 Marie Dressler - MIN AND BILL

1930 Norma Shearer - THE DIVORCEE

1929 Mary Pickford - COQUETTE

Oscars (Best Director) (Trivopaedia)

2007 Ethan uand Joel Coen - NO COUNTRY FOR OLD MEN

2006 Martin Scorsese - FOR The DEPARTED

2005 Ang Lee - BROKEBACK MOUNTAIN

2004 Clint Eastwood - MILLION DOLLAR BABY

2003 Peter Jackson - THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE RETURN OF THE KING

2002 Roman Polanski - THE PIANIST

2001 Ron Howard - A BEAUTIFUL MIND

2000 Steven Soderbergh - TRAFFIC

1999 Sam Mendes - AMERICAN BEAUTY

1998 Steven Spielberg - SAVING PRIVATE RYAN

1997 James Cameron - TITANIC

1996 Anthony Minghella - THE ENGLISH PATIENT

1995 Mel Gibson - BRAVEHEART

1994 Robert Zemeckis - FORREST GUMP

1993 Steven Spielberg - SCHINDLER'S LIST

1992 Clint Eastwood - UNFORGIVEN

1991 Jonathan Demme - THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS

1990 Kevin Costner - DANCES WITH WOLVES

1989 Oliver Stone - BORN ON THE FOURTH OF JULY

1988 Barry Levinson - RAIN MAN

1987 Bernardo Bertolucci - THE LAST EMPEROR

1986 Oliver Stone - PLATOON

1985 Sydney Pollack - OUT OF AFRICA

1984 Milos Forman - AMADEUS

1983 James L. Brooks - TERMS OF ENDEARMENT

1982 Richard Attenborough - GANDHI

1981 Warren Beatty - REDS

1980 Robert Redford - ORDINARY PEOPLE

1979 Robert Benton 2 - KRAMER VS. KRAMER

1978 Michael Cimino - THE DEER HUNTER

1977 Woody Allen - ANNIE HALL

1976 John G. Avildsen - ROCKY

1975 Milos Forman - ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO'S NEST

1974 Francis Ford Coppola - THE GODFATHER PART II

1973 George Roy Hill - THE STING

1972 Bob Fosse - CABARET

1971 William Friedkin - THE FRENCH CONNECTION

1970 Franklin J. Schaffner - PATTON

1969 John Schlesinger - MIDNIGHT COWBOY

1968 Carol Reed - OLIVER!

1967 Mike Nichols - THE GRADUATE

1966 Fred Zinnemann - A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS

1965 Robert Wise - THE SOUND OF MUSIC

1964 George Cukor - MY FAIR LADY

1963 Tony Richardson - TOM JONES

1962 David Lean - LAWRENCE OF ARABIA

1961 Jerome Robbins - WEST SIDE STORY
Robert Wise - WEST SIDE STORY

1960 Billy Wilder - THE APARTMENT

1959 William Wyler - BEN-HUR

1958 Vincente Minnelli - GIGI

1957 David Lean - THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI

1956 George Stevens - GIANT

1955 Delbert Mann - MARTY

1954 Elia Kazan - ON THE WATERFRONT

1953 Fred Zinnemann - FROM HERE TO ETERNITY

1952 John Ford - THE QUIET MAN

1951 George Stevens - A PLACE IN THE SUN

1950 Joseph L. Mankiewicz - ALL ABOUT EVE

1949 Joseph L. Mankiewicz - A LETTER TO THREE WIVES

1948 John Huston - THE TREASURE OF THE SIERRA MADRE

1947 Elia Kazan - GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT

1946 William Wyler - THE BEST YEARS OF OUR LIVES

1945 Billy Wilder - THE LOST WEEKEND

1944 Leo McCarey - GOING MY WAY

1943 Michael Curtiz - CASABLANCA

1942 William Wyler - MRS. MINIVER

1941 John Ford - HOW GREEN WAS MY VALLEY

1940 John Ford - THE GRAPES OF WRATH

1939 Victor Fleming - GONE WITH THE WIND

1938 Frank Capra - YOU CAN'T TAKE IT WITH YOU

1937 Leo McCarey - THE AWFUL TRUTH

1936 Frank Capra - MR. DEEDS GOES TO TOWN

1935 John Ford - THE INFORMER

1934 Frank Capra - IT HAPPENED ONE NIGHT

1933 Frank Lloyd - CAVALCADE

1932 Frank Borzage - BAD GIRL

1931 Norman Taurog - SKIPPY

1920 Lewis Milestone - ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT

1929 Frank Lloyd - THE DIVINE LADY

Oscars (Best picture) (Trivopaedia)

2007 NO COUNTRY FOR OLD MEN - Scott Rudin, Ethan and Joel Coen

2006 THE DEPARTED - Graham King

2005 CRASH - Paul Haggis & Cathy Schulman

2004 MILLION DOLLAR BABY - Clint Eastwood

2003 THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE RETURN OF THE KING - Peter Jackson

2002 CHICAGO - Rob Marshall

2001 A BEAUTIFUL MIND - Ron Howard

2000 GLADIATOR - Ridley Scott

1999 AMERICAN BEAUTY - Bruce Cohen, Dan Jinks

1998 SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE - David Parfitt, Donna Gigliotti, Harvey Weinstein, Edward Zwick, Marc Norman

1997 TITANIC - James Cameron

1996 THE ENGLISH PATIENT - Saul Zaentz

1995 BRAVEHEART - Mel Gibson

1994 FORREST GUMP - Robert Zemeckis

1993 SCHINDLER'S LIST - Steven Spielberg

1992 UNFORGIVEN - Clint Eastwood

1991 THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS - Jonathan Demme

1990 DANCES WITH WOLVES - Kevin Costner

1989 DRIVING MISS DAISY - Bruce Beresford

1988 RAIN MAN - Barry Levionson

1987 THE LAST EMPEROR - Bernardo Bertolucci

1986 PLATOON - Oliver Stone

1985 OUT OF AFRICA - Sydney Pollack

1984 AMADEUS - Milos Forman

1983 TERMS OF ENDEARMENT - James L. Brooks

1982 GANDHI - Richard Attenborough

1981 CHARIOTS OF FIRE - Hugh Hudson

1980 ORDINARY PEOPLE - Robert Redford

1979 KRAMER VS. KRAMER - Robert Benton II

1978 THE DEER HUNTER - Michael Cimino

1977 ANNIE HALL - Woody Allen

1976 ROCKY - John G. Avidsen

1975 ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO'S NEST - Milos Forman

1974 THE GODFATHER PART II - Francis Ford Coppola

1973 THE STING - George Roy Hill

1972 THE GODFATHER - Francis Ford Coppola

1971 THE FRENCH CONNECTION - William Friedkin

1970 PATTON - Franklin J. Schaffner

1969 MIDNIGHT COWBOY - John Schlesinger

1968 OLIVER! - Carol Reed

1967 IN THE HEAT OF THE NIGHT - Norman Jewison

1966 A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS - Fred Zinnemann

1965 THE SOUND OF MUSIC - Robert Wise

1964 MY FAIR LADY - George Cukor

1963 TOM JONES - Tony Richardson

1962 LAWRENCE OF ARABIA - David Lean

1961 WEST SIDE STORY - Jerome Robbins, Robert Wise

1960 THE APARTMENT - Billy Wilder

1959 BEN-HUR - William Wyler

1958 GIGI - Vincente Minnelli

1957 THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI - David Lean

1956 AROUND THE WORLD IN 80 DAYS - Michael Anderson, Kevin McClory

1955 MARTY - Delbert Mann

1954 ON THE WATERFRONT - Elia Kazan

1953 FROM HERE TO ETERNITY - Fred Zimmerman

1952 THE GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH - Cecil B. DeMille

1951 AN AMERICAN IN PARIS - Vincente Minnelli

1950 ALL ABOUT EVE - Joseph Mankiewicz

1949 ALL THE KING'S MEN - Robert Rossen

1948 HAMLET (1948) - Laurence Olivier

1947 GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT - Elia Kazan

1946 THE BEST YEARS OF OUR LIVES - William Wyler

1945 THE LOST WEEKEND - Billy Wilder

1944 GOING MY WAY - Leo McCarey

1943 CASABLANCA - Warner Bros.

1942 MRS. MINIVER - Michael Curtiz

1941 HOW GREEN WAS MY VALLEY - John Ford

1940 REBECCA - Alfred Hitchcock

1939 GONE WITH THE WIND - Victor Fleming, George Cukor, Sam Wood

1938 YOU CAN'T TAKE IT WITH YOU - Frank Capra

1937 THE LIFE OF EMILE ZOLA - William Dieterie

1936 THE GREAT ZIEGFELD - Robert Z. Leonard

1935 MUTINY ON THE BOUNTY (1935) - Lewis Milestone

1934 IT HAPPENED ONE NIGHT - Frank Capra

1933 CAVALCADE - Frank Lloyd

1932 GRAND HOTEL - Edmund Goulding

1931 CIMARRON (1930/31) - Wesley Ruggles

1930 ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT - Lewis Milestone

1929 THE BROADWAY MELODY - Harry Beaumont

1928 WINGS - William Wellman

Oven settings (Trivopaedia)

Gas 1 = 290°F = 143°C
Gas 2 = 315°F = 157°C
Gas 3 = 335°F = 168°C
Gas 4 = 360°F = 183°C
Gas 5 = 380°F = 193°C
Gas 6 = 405°F = 207°C
Gas 7 = 425°F = 218°C
Gas 8 = 445°F = 229°C
Gas 9 = 470°F = 243°C
Gas 10 = 490°F = 254°C

Paper sizes (Trivopaedia)

(mm inches)

International Standard
A0 841× 1189 33·11×46·81
A1 594×841 23·39×33·1
A2 420x594 16.54x23.39
A3 297×420 11·69×16·54
A4 210×297 8·27×11·69
A5 148×210 5·83×8·27
A6 105×148 4·13×5·83
A7 74×105 2·91×4·13
A8 52×74 2·05×2·91

B0 1000×1414 39·37×55·67
B1 707×1000 27·83×39·37
B2 500×707 19·68×27·83
B3 353×500 13·90×19·68
B4 250×353 9·84×13·90
B5 176×250 6·93×9·84

C0 917×1297 36·00×51·20
C1 648×917 25·60×36·00
C2 458×648 18·00×25·60
C3 324×458 12·80×18·00
C4 229×324 9·00×12·80
C5 162×229 6·40×9·0
DL 110×220 4·33×8·66

North American
Ledger 431·8×279·4 17·0×11·00
Legal 215·9×355·6 8·50×14·00
Letter 215·9×279·4 8·50×11·00
Executive 184·1×266·7 7·25×10·5

English (No Longer Used)
Quarto 254×203 10·00×8·00
Foolscap 343×432 13·50×17·00
Crown 381×508 15·00×20·00
Large post 419×533 16·50×21·00
Demy 445×572 17·50×22·50
Medium 457×584 18·00×23·00
Royal 508×635 20·00×25·00
Elephant 508×686 20·00×27·00
Imperial 559×762 22·00×30·00

Paper weights (Trivopaedia)

American Internat
Book Bond g/m2
40 16 60
45 18 70
50 20 75
55 - 80
- 22 85
60 24 90
65 - 95
- 26 100
70 28 105
75 - 110
- 30 115

Periodic table of the elements (Trivopaedia)

Atomic
no. Name Symbol
1 Hydrogen H
2 Helium He
3 Lithium Li
4 Beryllium Be
5 Boron B
6 Carbon C
7 Nitrogen N
8 Oxygen O
9 Fluorine F
10 Neon Ne
11 Sodium Na
12 Magnesium Mg
13 Aluminium Al
14 Silicon Si
15 Phosphorus P
16 Sulphur S
17 Chlorine Cl
18 Argon Ar
19 Potassium K
20 Calcium Ca
21 Scandium Sc
22 Titanium Ti
23 Vanadium V
24 Chromium Cr
25 Manganese Mn
26 Iron Fe
27 Cobalt Co
28 Nickel Ni
29 Copper Cu
30 Zinc Zn
31 Gallium Ga
32 Germanium Ge
33 Arsenic As
34 Selenium Se
35 Bromine Br
36 Krypton Kr
37 Rubidium Rb
38 Strontium Sr
39 Yttrium Y
40 Zirconium Zr
41 Niobium Nb
42 Molybdenum Mo
43 Technetium Tc
44 Ruthenium Ru
45 Rhodium Rh
46 Palladium Pd
47 Silver Ag
48 Cadmium Cd
49 Indium In
50 Tin Sn
51 Antimony Sb
52 Tellurium Te
53 Iodine I
54 Xenon Xe
55 Caesium Cs
56 Barium Ba
57 Lanthanum La
58 Cerium Ce
59 Praseodymium Pr
60 Neodymium Nd
61 Promethium Pm
62 Samarium Sm
63 Europium Eu
64 Gadolinium Gd
65 Terbium Tb
66 Dysprosium Dy
67 Holmium Ho
68 Erbium Er
69 Thulium Tm
70 Ytterbium Yb
71 Lutetium Lu
72 Hafnium Hf
73 Tantalum Ta
74 Tungsten W
75 Rhenium Re
76 Osmium Os
77 Indium Ir
78 Platinum Pt
79 Gold Au
80 Mercury Hg
81 Thallium Tl
82 Lead Pb
83 Bismuth Bi
84 Polonium Po
85 Astatine At
86 Radon Rn
87 Francium Fr
88 Radium Ra
89 Actinium Ac
90 Thorium Th
91 Protactinium Pa
92 Uranium U
93 Neptunium Np
94 Plutonium Pu
95 Americium Am
96 Curium Cm
97 Berkelium Bk
98 Californium Cf
99 Einsteinium Es
100 Fermium Fm
101 Mendelevium Me
102 Nobelium No
103 Lawrencium Lr
104 Rutherfordium Rf
105 Dubnium Db
106 Seaborgium Sg
107 Bohrium Bh
108 Hassium Hs
109 Meitnerium Mt
110 Darmstadtium Ds
111 Unununium Uuu
112 Ununbium Uub
114 Unuquadium Uuq
116 Unuhexium Uuh

The names are the IUPAC nomenclature names. Names for the elements 112, 114 and 116 are preliminary, their discovery is not confirmed yet; but we can assume that explorers names will be used.

Phases of mourning (Trivopaedia)

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Grief
Acceptance

Phobias (Trivopaedia)

acrophobia heights
aerophobia flying
agoraphobia open spaces
ailurophobia cats
algophobia pain
androphobia men
arachnophobia spiders
astraphobia thunder and lightning
autophobia being alone; self
bathophobi depth
claustrophobia closed spaces
cynophobia dogs (rabies)
demophobia crowds
dromophobia crossing streets
frigophobia the cold
genophobia sex
gynophobia women
haptephobia being touched
hemophobia blood
hydrophobia water
hypnophobia falling asleep
musophobia mice
mysophobia contamination
neophobia the new
nyctophobia night, darkness
ophidiophobia snakes
panphobia everything
phobophobia fear
photophobia light
pyrophobia fire
sitophobia eating, food
taphephobia being buried alive
thanatophobia death
toxicophobia poison
xenophobia strangers, foreigners
zoophobia animals

Phonetic alphabet (Trivopaedia)

Current international:
Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliet,
Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango,
Uniform, Victor, Whisky, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu

1927 British Army:
Ack, Beer, Charlie, Don, Edward, Freddy, George, Harry, Ink, Johnnie, King, London, Monkey, Nuts, Orange, Pip, Queen, Robert, Sugar, Toc, Uncle, Vic, William, X-ray, Yorker, Zebra

Physical and mathematical constants (Trivopaedia)

Bohr Radius a0
5.29177249 x 10^-11 m

Boltzmann Constant, k
1.380 658 x 10^-23 J/K

base of the natural logarithms, e
2.718 281 828 459 05...

elementary (proton) charge, e
1.602 177 x 10^-19 C

electron charge, -e
-1.602 177 x 10^-19 C

electron rest mass, me
9.109 389 7 x 10^-31 kg

electron (charge/mass) ratio, e/me
1.758 820 x 10^11 C/kg

Faraday Constant, F
9.648 531 x 10^4 C/mol

Free space electric constant, epsilon0
8.854 188 x 10^-12 F/m

Free space intrinsic impedance, Z0
376.770 3 Ohms

Free space magnetic constant, µ0
4pi x 10^-7 H/m

Free space speed of electromagnetic waves, c
2.997 924 58 x 10^8 m/s

neutron rest mass, mn
1.674 928 6 x 10^-27 kg

Planck Constant, h
6.626 076 x 10^-34 Js

Pi
3.141 592 653 589 79...

proton rest mass, mp
1.672 623 1 x 10^-27 kg

Newtonian constant of gravitation, G
6.672 59 x 10^-11 m^3 / (kg x s^2 )

Absolute Zero
0 Kelvin = -273.15 Celsius

Pi (Trivopaedia)

about 3,141592653589793238462...

A so-called transcendent number, like the base of the natural logarithms (e=2,71828...). Transcendent numbers have infinite decimal places and can't be described exactly by a fraction. Though note that there are various algorithms for computing a particular digit without knowledge of the previous ones.

Pi is defined as the ratio of the circumference to the diameter for a circle (see 'Angles').

Pi - an easy-to-remember approximation:

1) Write down
1 1 3 3 5 5

2) Put a long division sign in the middle
1 1 3 / 3 5 5 ( i.e. 355/113)

3) Calculate it:
3 . 1 4 1 5 9 2 9 2 0 3 5

Planets (Trivopaedia)

(Object, million miles from Sun, diameter in miles)
(plus moons, details)

Mercury, 36, 3100
no moons

Venus, 67, 7700
no moons

Earth, 93, 7926
one moon, 239,000 miles from earth, 2,160

Mars, 142, 4200
2 moons, Phobos, Deimos

Jupiter, 483, 88700
63 moons, among them Europa, Ganymed, Callisto

Saturn, 886, 75100
60 moons, among themr Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Iapetus, Mimas

Uranus, 1783, 29600
27 moons, among themr Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon

Neptune, 2793, 27700
13 moons, among them Naiade, Triton, Nereide, Proteus

Pluto, 3666, 1419 [not officially a planet any longer though!]
3 Moons, Charon, Nix and Hydra

The number of moons is not definitive since some are still being discovered for various planets.

The sun's diameter is 865,036 miles.

Poker hands (Trivopaedia)

Royal flush: Five cards in sequence and of the same suit, starting from the Ace down to the 10.
Straight flush: Any five cards in sequence and of the same suit.
Four of a kind: A hand with four cards of the same rank.
Full house: A hand with three cards of one rank and two of another.
Flush: Five cards of the same suit.
Straight: Five cards in sequence. (The ace can be considered higher than the king, or lower than the two.)
Three of a kind: Three cards of the same rank.
Two pair: Two cards of one rank, two of another.
One pair: Two cards of the same rank.
No pair: Also known as a high card hand.

Polygons (Trivopaedia)

Name No of sides Internal angle
Triangle 3 60°
Square 4 90°
Pentagon 5 108°
Hexagon 6 120°
Heptagon 7 128.6°
Octagon 8 135°
Nonagon 9 140°
Decagon 10 144°
Undecagon 11 147.3°
Dodecagon 12 150°

Popes (Trivopaedia)

(before 1055 details are omitted for space reasons)

Viktor II. 1055-1057
Stephan IX. 1057-1058
(Benedikt X. 1058-1059)
Nikolaus II. 1058-1061
Alexander II. 1061-1073
(Honorius II. 1061-1064)
Gregor VII., Hl. 1073-1085
(Klemens III. 1080, 1084-1098)
Viktor III., Sel. 1086-1087
Urban II., Sel. 1088-1099
Paschalis II. 1099-1118
(Theoderich 1100)
(Albert 1102)
(Silvester IV. 1105-1111))
Gelasius II. 1118-1119
(Gregor VIII. 1118-1121)
Kalixt II. 1119-1124
Honorius II. 1124-1130
(Cölestin II. 1124)
Innozenz II. 1130-1143
(Anaklet II. 1130-1138)
(Viktor IV. 1138)
Cölestin II. 1143-1144
Lucius II. 1144-1145
Eugen III., Sel. 1145-1153
Anastasius IV. 1153-1154
Hadrian IV. 1154-1159
Alexander III. 1159-1181
(Viktor IV. 1159-1164)
(Paschalis III. 1164-1168)
(Kalixt III. 1168-1178)
(Innozenz III. 1179-1180
Lucius III. 1181-1185
Urban III. 1185-1187
Gregor VIII. 1187
Klemens III. 1187-1191
Cölestin III. 1191-1198
Innozenz III. 1198-1216
Honorius III. 1216-1227
Gregor IX. 1227-1241
Cölestin IV. 1241
Innozenz IV. 1243-1254
Alexander IV. 1254-1261
Urban IV. 1261-1264
Klemens IV. 1265-1268
Gregor X., Sel. 1271-1276
Innozenz V., Sel. 1276
Hadrian V. 1276
Johannes XXI. 1276-1277
Nikolaus III. 1277-1280
Martin IV. 1281-1285
Honorius IV. 1285-1287
Nikolaus IV. 1288-1292
Cölestin V., Hl. 1294
Bonifatius VIII. 1294-1303
Benedikt XI., Sel. 1303-1304
Klemens V. 1305-1314
Johannes XXII. 1316-1334
(Nikolaus V. 1328-1330)
Benedikt XII. 1334-1342
Klemens VI. 1342-1352
Innozenz VI. 1352-1362
Urban V., Sel. 1362-1370
Gregor XI. 1370-1378
Urban VI. 1378-1389
(Klemens VII. 1378-1394)
Bonifatius IX. 1389-1404
(Benedikt XIII. 1394-1417)
Innozenz VII. 1404-1406
Gregor XII. 1406-1415
(Alexander V. 1409-1410)
(Johannes XXIII. 1410-1415)
Martin V. 1417-1431
Eugen IV. 1431-1447
(Felix V. 1440-1449)
Nikolaus V. 1447-1455
Kalixt III. 1455-1458
Pius II. 1458-1464
Paul II. 1464-1471
Sixtus IV. 1471-1484
Innozenz VIII. 1484-1492
Alexander VI. 1492-1503
Pius III. 1503
Julius II. 1503-1513
Leo X. 1513-1521
Hadrian VI. 1522-1523
Klemens VII. 1523-1534
Paul III. 1534-1549
Julius III. 1550-1555
Marcellus II. 1555
Paul IV. 1555-1559
Pius IV. 1559-1565
Pius V., Hl. 1566-1572
Gregor XIII. 1572-1585
Sixtus V. 1585-1590
Urban VII. 1590
Gregor XIV. 1590-1591
Innozenz IX. 1591
Klemens VIII. 1592-1605
Leo XI. 1605
Paul V. 1605-1621
Gregor XV. 1621-1623
Urban VIII. 1623-1644
Innozenz X. 1644-1655
Alexander VII. 1655-1667
Klemens IX. 1667-1669
Klemens X. 1670-1676
Innozenz XI., Sel. 1676-1689
Alexander VIII. 1689-1691
Innozenz XII. 1691-1700
Klemens XI. 1700-1721
Innozenz XIII. 1721-1724
Benedikt XIII. 1724-1730
Klemens XII. 1730-1740
Benedikt XIV. 1740-1758
Klemens XIII. 1758-1769
Klemens XIV. 1769-1774
Pius VI. 1775-1799
Pius VII. 1800-1823
Leo XII. 1823-1829
Pius VIII. 1829-1830
Gregor XVI. 1831-1846
Pius IX. 1846-1878
Leo XIII. 1878-1903
Pius X., Hl. 1903-1914
Benedikt XV. 1914-1922
Pius XI. 1922-1939
Pius XII. 1939-1958
Johannes XXIII. 1958-1963
Paul VI. 1963-1978
Johannes Paul I. 1978
Johannes Paul II. 1978-2005
Benedikt XVI. since 2005

Questionmarks after the regency of the early popes shows, that the dates aren't sure. The names of the counter-popes are shown in parenthesis.

Power Comsumption (Trivopaedia)

Watts consumed per hour (Average) ...
Heater - 3,000
Electric kettle - 2,000
Photocopier - 1,50
Iron - 1,450
Vacuum cleaner - 1,300
Toaster - 850
Microwave oven - 750
halogen security light - 500
Hair dryer 500
Food mixer - 460
Power drill - 250
Computer (CPU only) - 175
Stereo - 150
Light bulb - 100
Television - 100
Freezer - 83
Video recorder - 32
Electric shaver - 4.5

Prime numbers (Trivopaedia)

(numbers that have exactly two factors, 1 and the number itself; 1 is no prime number because it has only one factor)
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 173 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229 233 239 241 251 257 ...

There are an infinite number of prime numbers, but no formula for calculating one after another.

Printer parallel pin assignments (Trivopaedia)

Signal Pin Nos Signal
STROBE (Input) 1 19 GND
DATA 1 (Input) 2 20 GND
DATA 2 (Input) 3 21 GND
DATA 3 (Input) 4 22 GND
DATA 4 (Input) 5 23 GND
DATA 5 (Input) 6 24 GND
DATA 6 (Input) 7 25 GND
DATA 7 (Input) 8 26 GND
DATA 8 (Input) 9 2

Product adopters (Trivopaedia)

2.5% Innovators
13.5 % Early adopters
34% Early majority
34% Late majority
16% Laggards

Product development (Trivopaedia)

Exploration
Screening
Analysis
Development
Test phase
Commercialisation

Product lifecycle (Trivopaedia)

Introduction
Growth
Maturity
Stabilisation
Decline

Rare gases (Trivopaedia)

One of the main groups of the Periodic Table of Elements (see other entry). It contains the elements:

Name Atomic no. boiling point

Helium 2 -269°C
Neon 10 -246°C
Argon 18 -186°C
Krypton 36 -152°C
Xenon 54 -108°C
Radon 86 -62°C

Removing stains (Trivopaedia)

Beer - Rinse or soak fresh stains in lukewarm water, then wash normally

Blood, egg, gravy, chocolate etc - soak in cold water and salt, then
wash

Coffee/Tea - Wash in rich suds a.s.a.p.

Flowers/grass - Sponge with meths + wash

Grease/fat/oils - soak in detergent solution before washing.

Paint - (emulsions) sponge with cold water and then wash. (oil-based) dab with white spirit and then cold water + wash.

Pencil - boil the stains in milk, and wash.

Spirits (alcohol) - rinse with warm water and wash normally.

Wine - Soak and sponge in a warm detergent.

Resistance Colour Codes (Trivopaedia)

Carbon Film Resistors

(Band1, Band2, Band3)

Colour B1 B2 B3
Silver x0.01
Gold x0.1
Black 0 0 x1
Brown 1 1 x10
Red 2 2 x100
Orange 3 3 x1,000
Yellow 4 4 x10,000
Green 5 5 x100,000
Blue 6 6 x1,000,000
Violet 7 7 x10,000,000
Grey 8 8 x100,000,000
White 9 9

Fourth Colour band tolerance: Red - 2%, Gold - 5%, Silver - 10%, None - 20%

Metal Film Resistors

(Band1, Band2, Band3,Band4)

Colour B1 B2 B3 B4
Silver x0.01
Gold x0.1
Black 0 0 0 x1
Brown 1 1 1 x10
Red 2 2 2 x100
Orange 3 3 3 x1,000
Yellow 4 4 4 x10,000
Green 5 5 5 x100,000
Blue 6 6 6 x1,000,000
Violet 7 7 7 x10,000,000
Grey 8 8 8 x100,000,000
White 9 9 9

Fifth Colour band tolerance: Brown - 1%, Red - 2%, Green - 0,5%

Richter Scale (Trivopaedia)

3.5 'Instrumental'
Detected only by a seismograph

3.5 'Feeble'
Noticed only by people at rest

4.2 'Slight'
Similar to vibrations from a passing truck

4.5 'Moderate'
Felt indoors, parked cars rock

4.8 'Rather Strong'
Felt generally, waking sleepers

5.4 'Strong'
Trees sway, some damage

6.1 'Very Strong'
General alarm, walls crack

6.5 'Destructive'
Walls collapse

6.9 'Ruinous'
Some houses collapse, ground cracks

7.3 'Disastrous'
Buildings destroyed, rails bend

8.1 'Very disastrous'
Landslides, few buildings survive

>8.1 'Catastrophic'
Total destruction

The scale is named after the american Charles Francis Richter who developed it in 1935.
It's used to quantify the strength of earthquakes.

The strength on this scale is proportional to the logarithm of the amplitude of the movement of the ground.

Rivers of Hell (Trivopaedia)

Acheron River of Woe
Cocytus River of Lament
Lethe River of Forgetfulness
Phlegethon River of Fire
Styx River of Oath

Rivers, longest (Trivopaedia)

River, Country, Km

Nile, Africa, 6,670
Amazon, S. America, 6,570
Mississippi-Missouri, US, 6,210
Yangtze, China, 5,520
Ob-Irtysh, Russia, 5,410
Rio La Plata, S. America, 4,700
(incl. Paraná)
Hwang Ho, China, 4,670
Congo, Africa, 4,670
Mekong, Asia, 4,500
Amur, Asia, 4,350
Lena, Russia, 4,290
Mackenzie, Canada, 4,240
Niger, Africa, 4,170
Yenisei River, Russia, 4,190

Numbers in different lexica differ greatly. So sometimes the lenghts of confluents are counted to a river and sometimes not, for example. Numbers for Hwang Ho e.g. go from 4,672 to 5,464 km. Numbers written here are only up to 10 km exact in order to not pretend a great accuracy.

Roman numerals (Trivopaedia)

1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV
5 V
6 VI
7 VII
8 VIII
9 IX
10 X
11 XI
12 XII
13 XIII
14 XIV
15 XV
16 XVI
17 XVII
18 XVIII
19 XIX
20 XX
30 XXX
40 XL
50 L
60 LX
70 LXX
80 LXXX
90 XC
100 C
500 D
1000 M

RS-232 serial pinouts (Trivopaedia)

25 pin
1 - Ground
2 - Transmit Data (TD)
3 - Receive Data (RD)
4 - Request to send
5 - Clear To Send (CTS)
6 - Dataset ready
7 - Signal Ground (SG)
8 - Data Carrier Detect (DCD)
20 - Data Terminal Ready (DTR)
22 - Ring Indicator

9 pin
1 - Data Carrier Detect (DCD)
2 - Receive Data (RD)
3 - Transmit Data (TD)
4 - Data Terminal Ready (DTR)
5 - Ground
6 - Data set ready
7 - Request to send
8 - Clear To Send (CTS)
9 - Ring Indicator

Santa's reindeer (Trivopaedia)

Dasher
Dancer
Prancer
Vixen
Comet
Cupid
Donner
Blitzen
Rudolph

Scart Lead Connections (Trivopaedia)

1 Audio out right
2 Audio in right
3 Audio out left
4 Audio ground
5 Blue ground
6 Audio in left
7 Blue video
8 Switching (0-2v=TV,9.5-12v=EX)
9 Green ground
10 NOT USED
11 Green video
12 NOT USED
13 Red ground
14 NOT USED
15 Red video
16 Blanking
17 Comp video ground
18 Blanking
19 Comp video out
20 Comp video in
21 Common Ground(screen)

Seven Ages of Man (Trivopaedia)

Infant
Schoolboy
Lover
Soldier
Justice
Old Age
Second Childhood

Seven deadly sins (Trivopaedia)

Covetousness
Envy
Gluttony
Lechery
Pride
Sloth
Wrath

Seven dwarfs (Trivopaedia)

Bashful
Doc
Dopey
Grumpy
Happy
Sleepy
Sneezy

Seven Hills of Rome (Trivopaedia)

Palatine
Capitoline
Quirinal
Caelian
Aventine
Esquiline
Viminal

Seven Natural Wonders of the World (Trivopaedia)

1. Grand Canyon (Arizona).
2. Great Barrier Reef (Australia).
3. Mount Everest.
4. Sahara Desert.
5. Angel Falls (Venezuela).
6. Sarawak Chamber (caves).
7. Mauua Loa Volcano (Hawaii).

Seven S business model (Trivopaedia)

Strategy
Structure
Systems
Staff
Style
Skills
Shared values
(Surroundings)

Seven Seas (Oceans) (Trivopaedia)

North Pacific
South Pacific
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
Arctic
Antarctic
Indian

Seven Virtues (Trivopaedia)

(Christian)
Faith
Hope
Charity
(Platonic)
Fortitude
Justice
Prudence
Temperance

Seven Wonders of the Modern World (Trivopaedia)

1. Empire State Building.
2. Jodrell Bank Telescope.
3. Golden Gate Bridge.
4. Panama Canal.
5. Hoover Dam.
6. Sputnik 1.
7. Nautilus.

Shakespeare (Trivopaedia)

The approximate chronological order of Shakespeare's plays (some of the dates are uncertain):

1 Henry VI (1589-1590, later revised)
2 3 Henry VI (1590-91)
Richard III (1592-93)
The Comedy of Errors (1592-93)
Titus Andronicus (1593-94)
The Taming of the Shrew (1593-94)
Two Gentleman of Verona (1594-95)
Love's Labour's Lost (1594-95)
Romeo and Juliet (1595-96)
Richard II (1595-96)
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1596)
King John (1596-97)
The Merchant of Venice (1596-97)
1 2 Henry IV (1597-98)
Much Ado About Nothing (1598-99)
Henry V (1598-99)
Julius Caesar (1599-1600)
As You Like It (1596-1600)
Twelfth Night (1599-1600)
Hamlet (1599-1600)
Merry Wives of Windsor (1597-1601?)
Troilus and Cressida (1597-1602)
All's Well that Ends Well (1602-04)
Measure for Measure (1604-05)
Othello (1604-05)
King Lear (1605-06)
Macbeth (1605-06)
Anthony and Cleopatra (1606-07)
Coriolanus (1608-08)
Timon of Athens (1607-08)
Pericles (1608-09)
Cymbeline (1609-10)
The Winter's Tale (1610-11)
The Tempest (1611, revised 1612-13)
Henry VIII (1612-13)

--The Poems--
Venus and Adonis (1592)
Lucrece (1593-94)
The Sonnets (1593-1600)
The Phoenix and Turtle (1601)

Shoe-Laces Sizes (Trivopaedia)

Pairs of eyelets, Inches, cm
3, 24", 61
4, 27", 69
5, 36", 91
6, 40", 102
7, 45", 114
8, 54", 137
9, 63", 160
10, 72", 183

SI Base units (Trivopaedia)

Quantity Name Unit Symbol
length metre m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
electric cur. ampere A
thermodynamic temperature
kelvin K
substance mole mol
luminous intensity
candela cd

SI number prefixes (Trivopaedia)

Yotta (Y) = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

Zetta(Z) = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

Exa(E) = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000

Peta(P) = 1,000,000,000,000,000

Tera(T) = 1,000,000,000,000

Giga(G) = 1,000,000,000

Mega(M) = 1,000,000

Kilo(k) = 1,000

Hecto(h) = 100

Deca(da) = 10

Unit = 1

Deci(d) = 0.1

Centi(c) = 0.01

Milli(m) = 0.001

Micro(µ) = 0.000 001

Nano(n) = 0.000 000 001

Pico(p) = 0.000 000 000 001

Femto(f) = 0.000 000 000 000 001

Atto(a) = 0.000 000 000 000 000 001

Zepto(z) = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001

Yocto(y) = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001

Signs of the Zodiac (Trivopaedia)

Capricorn The Goat
Dec 23 - Jan 19

Aquarius The Water-bearer
Jan 20 - Feb 19

Pisces The Fish
Feb 20 - Mar 21

Aries The Ram
Mar 22 - Apr 20

Taurus The Bull
Apr 21 - May 21

Gemini The Twins
May 22 - Jun 22

Cancer The Crab
Jun 23 - Jul 23

Leo The Lion
July 23 - Aug 23

Virgo The Virgin
Aug 24 - Sep 23

Libra The Scales
Sep 24 - Oct 23

Scorpio The Scorpion
Oct 24 - Nov 22

Sagittarius The Archer
Nov 23 - Dec 22

Sound Levels - Decibels (Trivopaedia)

The loudness of a sound is measured by the size of its vibrations.

A 20dB sound is ten times louder than a 10dB sound; a 30dB sound is 100 times louder than that.

0dB Human minimum audibility
30dB Soft whisper at 5m
50dB Inside urban home
55dB Light traffic at 15m
60dB Conversion at 1m
85dB Pneumatic drill at 15m
90dB Heavy traffic at 15m
100dB Loud shout at 15m
105dB Aeroplane take-off at 600m
117dB Inside full-volume disco
120dB Aeroplane take-off at 60m
130dB Pain Threhold for humans
140dB Aeroplane take-off at 30m

Standard Deviations (Trivopaedia)

Z-table for Standard Deviations (s)
+/- 1 * s covers 68.2 %
+/- 1.65 * s covers 90.0 %
+/- 1.96 * s covers 95.0 %
+/- 2 * s covers 95.4 %
+/- 3 * s covers 99.7 %

States of aggregation (Trivopaedia)

Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Bose-Einstein-Condensate
Fermion-Condensate

Survival Rule of Threes (Trivopaedia)

Humans can survive for:
3 minutes without air
3 days without water
3 weeks without food

(but only just)

Ten Commandments (Trivopaedia)

Thou shall have No Other Gods
Thou shall not make Graven Images
Thou shalt not Take the Name of the Lord in Vain
Remember the Sabbath Day
Honour thy Father and Mother
Thou shalt not Murder
Thou shalt not Commit Adultery
Thou shalt not Steal
Thou shalt not Bear False Witness
Thou shalt not Covet

Ten most common English words (Trivopaedia)

English has more than 1 million words - more than any other language. This list just covers the most frequently used ones.

Spoken - Written

the - the
and - of
I - to
to - in
of - and
a - a
you - for
that - was
in - is
it - that

Ten Plagues of Egypt (Trivopaedia)

From Exodus 7-13
1 - The River Nile turns to blood
2 - Frogs cover Egypt
3 - Lice infest men women
4 - Swarms of locusts
5 - Livestock became diseased
6 - Boils infect people
7 - Hail thunder storms
8 - Plague of locusts
9 - Darkness for 3 days nights
10 - First-born die.

The Magnificent Seven (Trivopaedia)

Actor followed by Character

Yul Brynner - Chris Adams
Steve McQueen - Vin
Charles Bronson - Bernardo O'Reilly
Robert Vaughn - Lee
Brad Dexter - Harry Luck
James Coburn - Britt
Horst Buchholz - Chico

The Nine Muses (Trivopaedia)

Calliope epics

Clio history

Erato love songs

Euterpe lyric poetry

Melpomene tragedy

Polyhymnia sacred poetry

Terpsichore choral song
and dance

Thalia comedy and idyllic poetry

Urania astronomy

The Wacky Races (Trivopaedia)

00 Dick Dastardly and Muttley, in Double Zero, the Mean Machine

1 The Slag Brothers, Rock and Gravel, in the Bouldermobile.

2 Gruesome Twosome, in the Creepy Coupe.

3 Professor Pat Pending, in the Convert-a-Car.

4 Red Max, in the Crimson Haybayler.

5 Penelope Pittstop, in the Compact Pussycat.

6 Serge and Meekly, In the Army Surplus Special.

7 The Anthill Mob, in the Bullet Proof Bomb

8 Luke and Blubber, in the Arkensaw Chuggabug

9 Peter Perfect, in The Turbo Terrific.

10 Rufus Roughcut, in The Buzzwagon.

The World - basic statistics (Trivopaedia)

Area of land - 148.326.000 km²
Total surface area - 509.600.000 km²
Land: 27%, Water: 71%, Ice: 2%
97% of the water is salt water, only 3% is fresh water

Area utilization:
Field: 8,3%, Grassland/Willow: 15,7%, Reserve useful area: 3,4%, Forest: 24,3%, Wasteland: 48,3%

Area division:
Asia:30%, Africa: 20.3%, North America: 16.3%, South America: 11.9%, Antartica: 8.9%, Europe: 6.6%, Oceania: 6.0%

Population division:
Asia: 58.4%, Europe: 16.4%, Africa: 10.7%, North America: 8.6%, South America: 5.3%, Oceania: 0.6%

Greatest Ocean depths in each ocean:
Pacific: Mariana Trench 11km, Atlantic: Puerto Rico Trench 9km, Indian: Java Trench 7km, Artic: North Polar Basin 5km

The Earths mass
5.975 Sextillion metric tons (so 5.975 x10^24 kg)

Orbital period = 365.256 days
Rotational period = 23h 56min 04sec
Mean orbital velocity = 29.79 km/sec
Polar diameter = 12,713.824 km
Equatorial diameter = 12,756.776 km

Three Wise Men (Trivopaedia)

Melchior, King of Arabia - GOLD
Caspar, King of Tarsus - FRANKINCENSE
Balthazar, King of Ethiopia - MYRRH

Tipping Etiquette (Trivopaedia)

A tip is a gift or sum of money tendered for a service performed or anticipated. It is given voluntarily or beyond obligation. Tipping is prevalent worldwide, but few commonly accepted practices are as fraught with confusion. Here are a few guidelines on tipping.

Tip 20% for excellent service, 15% for very good service, and 10% for adequate.
Tip on the before-tax price.
Carry a lot of dollar bills.
Do not tip if automatic gratuity is included.
Do not make a show of your generosity.
Do not be intimidated into a tip.
At least say thank-you.
Folklore has it that tipping began generations ago in England when an employee put a moneybox on a table and wrote the words to insure promptness on it. The first three letters of each word survived to make up our word tip. Tipping is a personal act based on the quality of service a person has received, and the practices in the country where that person is travelling.

Here is a list that suggests what is generally considered to be adequate amounts to tip various people for services rendered.

Restaurant:
Waiter or Waitress: 15% of bill
Headwaiter/maître d': None unless special services are provided, then about $5
Busboy: None
Wine Steward: 15% of wine bill
Bartender: 10-15% of bar bill
Coat check attendant: $1 for one or two coats
Restroom attendant: $0.50
Carpark attendant: $1
Owner: None
Servers at counter: 15% of bill

Hotel:
Chambermaid: No tip for one-night stay; $1 a night or $5-10 a week
Room service waiter: 15% of bill
Bellhop: $10 for bringing luggage to room; $5 for showing of room
Lobby attendant: None for opening the door or calling taxi from stand; $1 or more for help with luggage or finding a taxi on the street
Desk clerk: None unless special service is given during long stay

Train:
Dining car waiter: 15% of bill
Stewards: 15% of bill
Redcaps: Posted rate plus $0.50

Airports:
Skycaps: $1 or more per bag
In-flight personnel: None

Taxi:
Driver: 15% of fare, no less than $0.25

Barbershop:
Haircutter: 15% of the cost, minimum of $1

Beauty Shop:
one operator: 15% of bill
several operators: 10% of bill to person who sets hair; 10% divided among others
Manicurist: $1 or more
Owner: None

Sports Arena:
Usher: $0.50 to $1 per party if shown to seat

Parking Garage:
Parking attendant: $1; $5 suggested if attendant helps with luggage

Topcat's gang (Trivopaedia)

Topcat
Benny The Ball
Choo-choo
Fancy Fancy
Spook
Brains

Twelve apostles (Trivopaedia)

Simon, called Peter
Andrew, his brother
James, son of Zebedee and his brother John
Philip
Bartholomew
Thomas
Matthew, the tax collector
James, son of Alpheus
Thaddeus
Simon of Cannae
Judas Iscariot

Twelve labours of Hercules (Trivopaedia)

Kill the Nemean lion.
Destroy the Lernean hydra.
Capture the Erymanthian boar alive.
Capture the Ceryneian stag alive.
Kill the Stymphalian birds.
Clean the Augean stables.
Bring the Cretan bull alive into Peloponnesus .
Obtain the horses of Diomedes.
Obtain the girdle of Hippolyte.
Kill the monster and cattle of Geryon.
Obtain the apples of the Hesperides.
Bring Cerberus the three headed dog of Hades from the infernal regions.

Two letter Scrabble words (Trivopaedia)

aa (type of lava)
ad
ae (Scots word for one)
ah
ai (three-toed sloth)
am
an
ar (the letter "R")
as
at
aw
ax
ay ("Yes")
ba (the soul)
be
bi (bisexual)
bo (startling interjection)
by
ch (obsolete dialect pronoun)
da (a burmese knife)
di (plural of deus)
do
ea (dialect word meaning river)
ee (Scot's word for eye)
ef (the letter "F")
eh
el (the letter "L")
em
en (the letter "N")
er
es (the letter "S")
ex
fa
fy (interjection expressing disapproval)
gi (judo costume)
go
gu (violin)
ha
he
hi
ho
id
if
in
io (interjection expressing joy)
is
it
jo (Scots word for a loved one)
ka (the spirit or soul)
ko (Maori digging stick)
ky (Scots word for cows)
la
li (Chinese unit of distance)
lo
ma
me
mi
mo (old word for more)
mu
my
na (Scots word for "no")
ne
no
nu (Greek letter)
ny (obsolete spelling of "nigh")
ob (an objection)
od (a hypothetical force)
oe (same as "oy")
of
oh
oi
om (an intoned Hindu sacred symbol)
on
oo (Scots form of wool)
or
os (a bone)
ou (Scots interjection expressing concession)
ow
ox
oy (Scots word for grandchild)
pa
ph (number expressing acidity)
pi
po (short form of chamberpot)
qi (life force)
re
sh (interjection requesting silence)
si (An early form of "ti", a musical note)
so
st (interjection expressing silence)
ta
te (same as "ti", a musical note)
ti (a musical note)
to
ug
um
un
up
ur
us
ut (syllable representing "doh", a musical note)
we
wo (variant of "woe")
xi (greek letter)
xu (Vietnamese coin)
ye
yo
yu (precious jade)
zo (Himalayan animal)

Type sizes (archaic) (Trivopaedia)

3½ Brilliant
4 Gem
4½ Diamond
5 Pearl
5½ Ruby or Agate
6 Nonpareil
6½ Emerald
7 Minion
8 Brevier
9 Bourgeois
10 Long Primer
11 Small Pica
12 Pica
14 English
18 Great Primer
24 2 Line Pica
36 3 Line Pica

UK Lottery (Trivopaedia)

Estimated average weekly winnings:
Match 3 numbers: £10
Match 4 numbers: £65
Match 5 numbers: £1,500
Match 6 numbers: £2 million

Odds:
Match 3 nos: 1 in 57
Match 4 nos: 1 in 1,033
Match 5 nos: 1 in 55,492
Match 5 nos. bonus: 1 in
2,330,636
Match 6 nos: 1 in 13,983,816

UK Prime Ministers (Trivopaedia)

Name Dates
Sir Robert Walpole 1721-1742
Earl of Wilmington 1742-1743
Henry Pelham Whig 1743-1754
Duke of Newcastle 1754-1756
Duke of Devonshire 1756-1757
Duke of Newcastle 1757-1762
Earl of Bute 1762-1763
George Grenville 1763-1765
Marquis of Rockingham 1765-1766
Earl of Chatham 1766-1768
Duke of Grafton 1768-1770
Lord North 1770-1782
Marquis of Rockingham 1782
Earl of Selburne 1782-1783
Duke of Portland 1783
William Pitt 1783-1801
Henry Addington 1801-1804
William Pitt 1804-1806
Lord William Grenville 1806-1807
Duke of Portland 1807-1809
Spencer Percival 1809-1812
Earl of Liverpool 1812-1827
Goerge Canning 1827
Viscount Goderich 1827-1828
Duke of Wellington 1828-1839
Earl Grey Whig 1830-1834
Viscount Melbourne 1834
Duke of Wellington 1834
Sir Robert Peel 1834-1835
Viscount Melbourne 1835-1841
Sir Robert Peel 1841-1846
Lord John Russell 1846-1852
Earl of Derby 1852
Earl of Aberdeen 1852-1855
Viscount Palmerston 1855-1858
Earl of Derby 1858-1859
Viscount Palmerston 1859-1865
Earl Russell 1865-1866
Earl of Derby 1866-1868
Benjamin Disraeli 1868
William Gladstone 1868-1874
Benjamin Disraeli 1874-1880
William Gladstone 1880-1885
Marquis of Salisbury 1885-1886
William Gladstone 1886
Marquis of Salisbury 1886-1892
William Gladstone 1892-1894
Earl of Rosebery 1894-1895
Marquis of Salisbury 1895-1902
Arthur Balfour 1902-1905
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman 1905-1908
Herbert Henry Asquith 1908-1916
David Lloyd George 1916-1922
Andrew Bonar Law 1922-1923
Stanley Baldwin 1923-1924
James R MacDonald 1924
Stanley Baldwin 1924-1929
James R MacDonald 1929-1935
Stanley Baldwin 1935-1937
Neville Chamberlain 1937-1940
Winston Churchill 1940-1945
Clement Atlee 1945-1951
Sir Winston Churchill 1951-1955
Sir Antony Eden 1955-1957
Harold Macmillan 1957-1963
Sir Alec Douglas-Home 1963-1964
Harold Wilson 1964-1970
Edward Heath 1970-1974
Harold Wilson 1974-1976
James Callaghan 1976-1979
Margaret Thatcher 1979-1990
John Major 1990-1997
Anthony Blair 1997-2007
Gordon Brown 2007-

UK Sea Areas (Trivopaedia)

Bailey
Bell rock
Biscay
Channel
Cromarty
Dogger
Dover
Dowsing
Faeroes
Fair Isle
Fastnet
Finisterre
Fisher
Forties
Forth
German Bight
Hebrides
Humber
Iceland
Irish Sea
Jersey
Lundy
Malin
Malin Head
Plymouth
Portland
Rockall
Ronaldsway
Royal Sovereign
Scilly
Shannon
Sole
Sumburgh
Thames
Tiree
Tyne
Utsire
Valentia
Varne
Viking
Wight

UK Slang for Money (Trivopaedia)

£1 Quid/Nicker
£5 Fiver
£10 Tenner
£25 Pony
£100 Century
£500 Monkey
£1000 Grand

UN Secretary-General (Trivopaedia)

No. Name, First name, Term, Nationality

1. Lie, Trygve, 1946-1952, Norway
2. Hammarskjöld, Dag, 1953-1961, Sweden
3. Thant, Sithu U, 1961-1972, Burma
4. Waldheim, Kurt, 1972-1981, Austria
5. De Cuéllar, Javier Pérez, 1981-1992, Peru
6. Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 1992-1996, Egypt
7. Annan, Kofi, 1997-2007, Ghana
8. Ki-moon, Ban, 2007-present, S. Korea

US Banknotes (Trivopaedia)

Woodrow Wilson: $100,000
Salmon P. Chase: $10,000
James Madison: $5,000
Grover Cleveland: $1,000
William McKinley: $500
Benjamin Franklin: $100
Ulysses S Grant: $50
Andrew Jackson: $20
Alexander Hamilton: $10
Abraham Lincoln: $5
Thomas Jefferson: $2
George Washington: $1

US Coins (Trivopaedia)

Sacagawea: dollar ($1)
John F Kennedy: half dollar ($0.50)
George Washington: quarter ($0.25)
Franklin D Roosevelt: dime ($0.10)
Thomas Jefferson: nickel ($0.05)
Abraham Lincoln: penny ($0.01)

US Presidents (Trivopaedia)

Name Dates
George Washington 1789-1797
John Adams 1797-1801
Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809
James Madison 1809-1817
James Monroe 1817-1825
John Quincy Adams 1825-1829
Andrew Jackson 1829-1837
Martin Van Buren 1837-1841
William Harrison 1841
John Tyler 1841-1845
James Polk 1845-1849
Zachary Taylor 1849-1850
Millard Fillmore 1850-1853
Franklin Pierce 1853-1857
James Buchanan 1853-1861
Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865
Andrew Johnson 1865-1869
Ulysses S Grant 1869-1877
Rutherford B Hayes 1877-1881
James A Garfield 1881
Chester A Arthur 1881-1885
Grover Cleveland 1885-1889
Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893
Grover Cleveland 1893-1897
William McKinley 1897-1901
Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909
William H Taft 1909-1913
Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921
Warren G Harding 1921-1923
Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929
Herbert Hoover 1929-1933
Franklin D Roosevelt 1933-1945
Harry S Truman 1945-1953
Dwight D Eisenhower 1953-1961
John F Kennedy 1961-1963
Lyndon B Johnson 1963-1969
Richard M Nixon 1969-1974
Gerald Ford 1974-1977
James Carter 1977-1981
Ronald Reagan 1981-1989
George H W Bush 1989-1993
William Clinton 1993-2000
George W Bush 2001-

US Presidents Jobs (Trivopaedia)

Ronald Reagan - Actor
George Bush - Oilman
Jimmy Carter - Peanut Farmer
Harry Truman - Haberdasher
Theodore Roosevelt - Rancher
George Washington - Surveyor

US States (Trivopaedia)

State In Capital Phone
Alabama AL Montgomery 334
Alaska AK Juneau 907
Arizona AZ Phoenix 602
Arkansas AR Little Rock 501
California CA Sacramento 916
Colorado CO Denver 303
Connecticut CT Hartford 860
Delaware DE Dover 302
Florida FL Tallahassee 850
Georgia GA Atlanta 404
Hawaii HI Honolulu 808
Idaho ID Boise 208
Illinois IL Springfield 217
Indiana IN Indianapolis 317
Iowa IA Des Moines 515
Kansas KA Topeka 785
Kentucky KY Frankfort 502
Louisiana LA Baton Rouge 225
Maine ME Augusta 207
Maryland MD Annapolis 410
Massachusetts MA Boston 617
Michigan MI Lansing 517
Minnesota MN St. Paul 612
MississippiMS Jackson 601
Missouri MO Jefferson City 573
Montana MT Helena 406
Nebraska NE Lincoln 402
Nevada NV Carson City 775
New Hampshire NH Concord 603
New Jersey NJ Trenton 609
New Mexico NM Santa Fe 505
New York NY Albany 518
North Carolina NC Raleigh 919
North Dakota ND Bismarck 701
Ohio OH Columbus 614
Oklahoma OK Oklahoma City 405
Oregon OR Salem 503
Pennsylvania PA Harrisburg 717
Rhode Island RI Providence 401
South Carolina SC Columbia 803
South Dakota SD Pierre 605
Tennessee TN Nashville 615
Texas TX Austin 512
Utah UT Salt Lake City 801
Vermont VT Montpelier 802
Virginia VA Richmond 804
Washington WA Olympia 360
West Virg. WV Charleston 304
Wisconsin WI Madison 608
Wyoming WY Cheyenne 307

District of Columbia DC Washington 202
Guam GU Agana 671
Puerto Rico PR San Juan 787
US Virgin Is.VI Charlotte Amalie 340
Northern Mariana Islands MP Saipan 670

Visible Spectrum (Trivopaedia)

The visible spectrum can be seen by passing light through a glass prism.

Colours Remember them by

Red Richard
Orange Of
Yellow York
Green Gave
Blue Battle
Indigo In
Violet Vain

Here are average wave lengths for these colours:
Red 700nm
Orange 590nm
Yellow 570nm
Green 530nm
Blue 480nm
Indigo 470nm
Violet 430nm

Vitamins (Trivopaedia)

Vitamin A (Retinol, Carotene is precursor)
Needed for healthy skin, mucous membranes and night vision. Found mainly in liver, milk, dairy products, eggs, carrots, fresh veg. Gross deficiency causes xerophthalmia, eye skin problems. Overdose in supplementation can cause problems, particularly in pregant lactating mothers.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin, Aneurine)
Needed for metabolising carbohydrates into energy in muscles and nervous system. Found mainly in cereals, meat, peas, beans, nuts and yeast extract. Gross deficiency causes Beriberi, tiredness, headaches, digestive problems. Alcoholics may be deficient.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin, Lactoflavin, Vitamin G)
Needed for growth, food breakdown, healthy skin and eyes. Found mainly in liver, meat, dairy products, eggs and cereals. Gross deficiency causes skin lesions, sore or ulcerated lips and mouth. Large amounts may colour urine bright yellow.

Vitamin B3 (Niacin, Nicotinamide, Tryptophan is precursor)
Needed for producing energy, maintaining healthy nervous system, digestive function and skin. Found in many foods, beef, pork, fish, nuts, chicken, coffee, yeast extract. Gross deficiency causes pellagra.

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid, Pantothenate)
Needed to release energy from fats, proteins and carbohydrates, aids resistance to infection and helps healthy skin, found in many foods, eg: liver, kidneys, fish, eggs, wholegrains, pulses and nuts. Also manufactured in intestine.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine)
Needed for healthy skin, blood, nerves and hormone production. Found in liver, yeast extracts, wholegrains, eggs, beef, fish etc. Also manufactured in intestine. Supplementation may improve PMT symptoms in women.

Folic Acid (Folate, Folacin, Vitamin B9, Vitamin M, Vitamin Bc)
Needed to produce red blood cells. Found in green veg, liver, kidney, mushrooms and yeast. Needed by precnant women to reduce spina bifida and neural tube defects. Gross deficiency causes megaloblastic anaemia.

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocolbalamine)
Needed for growth and proper formation of red blood cells. Found mainly in liver, meat, fish, dairy products and eggs as well as yeast products (Marmite, Beer). Not present in vegetables, vegans may be deficient. Gross deficiency causes pernicious anaemia (usually through malabsorption).

Biotin (Vitamin H)
Aids metabolism, needed for healthy skin, hair, nerves etc. Found in liver, wholegrains, eggs, fish, nuts, yeast. Avidin in raw egg whites can impair absorption.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid, Ascorbate)
Needed for cell growth. Found mainly in breakfast foods and fruit-related products. Gross deficiency causes scurvy.

Vitamin D (Calciferol, Ergocalciferol)
Needed for healthy bones and teeth. Found mainly in fatty fish, eggs butter and milk. Can also be made by the action of sunlight on skin. Gross deficiency causes rickets. Overdose in supplementattion can cause problems, particularly in pregant lactating mothers.

Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Antioxidant, protects other vitamins fats. Found in meat and vegetable oils.

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)
Needed for proper blood clotting. Mostly manufactured in intestine, found in cauliflower leafy green veg, liver, fish oils, yogurt.

Voice Ranges (Trivopaedia)

Soprano - Highest Female voice
Mezzo Soprano - Between Soprano Contralto
Contralto - Lowest female voice
Alto - Highest male voice
Tenor - High male voice (counter tenor is even higher)
Baritone - Between tenor bass
Bass - Lowest male voice

Volcanoes (Trivopaedia)

Cameroun
Cotopaxi
Etna
Fujiyama
Hecla
Mauna Loa
Popacatapetl
Mount St. Helens
Stromboli
Tristan de Cunha
Vesuvius

Waterfalls - high and famous (Trivopaedia)

Falls, Country, Drop in metres

Eastgreenlandstreem (multiple steps, submarine), Danmarkstreet, 3400
Salto Angel (Angel Fall), Venezuela, 979
Yosemite Fall, USA, 739
Utigardfall, Norway, 610
Kukenaamfall, Venezuela, 610
Sutherland-Falls (3 steps), New Zealand, 579
Kile, Norway, 561
Tugela Fall, South Africa, 540
King George VI-Falls, Guayana, 488
Roraima Fall, Guayana, 457
Cleve-Garth-Falls, Neuseeland, 450
Kalambo Fall, Tanzania, 427
Uitschifalls, Guayana, 420
Gavarnie-Falls (2-3 steps), France, 421
Takakkawfall, Canada, 400
Krimmler Waterfalls (3 steps), Austria, 380
Lofoifalls, Congo, 350
Wollomombifalls, Australia, 335
Seriofall, Italy, 315
Gießbachfalls (7-15 steps), Switzerland, 300
Mardalsfoss, Norway, 297
Staubbachfall, Switzerland, 287
Vettisfalls, Norway, 260
Gersoppafalls, India, 250
Kaieteur Falls, Guayana, 226
Velinofalls, Italy, 180
Triberger Falls, Germany, 162
Viktoriafalls, Zimbabwe, 120
Lower Falls, USA, 94
Huangguoshu-Wasserfall, China, 74
Niagara Falls, Canada, USA, 63
Rheinfall, Switzerland, 19

Weather Proverbs (Trivopaedia)

Red sky at night, shepherds' delight
Red sky in mornin', shepherds' warning

Red sky at morning, sailors take warning,
Red sky at night, sailors delight.

Mackerel sky and mares' tails make lofty ships carry low sails.

Mackerel sky, Mackerel sky, Not long wet, Not long dry.

When clouds appear like rocks and towers,
The earth's refreshed with frequent showers.

When rain comes before the wind, dories, gear and vessel mind;
When wind comes before the rain, soon you'll make the set again

When the wind is blowing in the North, No fisherman should set forth,
When the wind is blowing in the East, Tis not fit for man nor beast,
When the wind is blowing in the South, It brings the food over the fish's mouth,
When the wind is blowing in the West, That is when the fishing's best!

No weather is ill, if the wind be still.

Seagull, seagull sit on the sand. It's never good weather when you're on the land.

A coming storm your shooting corns presage, And aches will throb, your hollow tooth will rage.

When windows won't open, and the salt clogs the shaker,
The weather will favour the umbrella maker!

A cow with its tail to the West makes the weather best,
A cow with its tail to the East makes the weather least

A summer fog for fair, A winter fog for rain.
A fact most everywhere, In valley or on plain.

When sounds travel far and wide, A stormy day will betide.

If clouds move against the wind, rain will follow.

March winds and April showers bring forth May flowers

Halo around the sun or moon, rain or snow is coming soon
When halo rings the moon or sun, rain's approaching on the run

One swallow does not a summer make

Dew on the grass, rain shan't pass

Rain before seven, fine by eleven

The sudden storm lasts not three hours

Clear moon, frost soon

The higher the clouds, the better the weather

Cold is the night when the stars shine bright
Ode to the Weatherman
"And in the dying embers
These are my main regrets:
When I'm right no one remembers;
When I'm wrong no one forgets."

Weightlifting Divisions (Trivopaedia)

Class, Weight (lifter)

Flyweight, 54 kg
Bantamweight, 59 kg
Featherweight, 64 kg
Lightweight, 70 kg
Middleweight, 76 kg
Light heavyweight, 83 kg
Middle heavyweight, 91 kg
1. Heavyweight, 99 kg
2. Heavyweight, 108 kg
Super heavyweight, > 108 kg

Wind speeds - Beaufort scale (Trivopaedia)

No. MPH International Spec
Description

0 1 Calm
Calm; smoke rises vertically

1 1-3 Light Air
Direction of wind shown by smoke drift not by wind vanes

2 4-7 Light Breeze
Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; vanes moved by wind

3 8-12 Gentle Breeze
Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; wind extends light flag

4 13-18 Moderate
Raises dust, loose paper; small branches moved

5 19-24 Fresh
Small trees in leaf begin to sway; crested wavelets form on inland waters

6 25-31 Strong
Large branches in motion; whistling heard in telegraph wires; umbrellas used with difficulty

7 32-38 Near Gale
Whole trees in motion; inconvenience felt walking against the wind

8 39-46 Gale
Breaks twigs off trees; impedes progress

9 47-54 Strong Gale
Slight structural damage occurs

10 55-63 Storm
Trees uprooted; considerable damage occurs

11 64-72 Violent Storm
Widespread damage

12 73-82 Hurricane

Wine storage (Trivopaedia)

Store in cool dark place, between 7°C and 18°C, to prevent premature ageing.

Use a damp cellar or cool ventilated cupboard.

Keep the bottles on their sides so that the wine inside keeps the cork wet. If the cork dries out it will allow air through to the wine, which will oxidise and turn to vinegar.

Wombles (Trivopaedia)

Wellington
Orinocco
Madame Cholet
Uncle Bulgaria
Toblemory
Tomsk

Wonders of the World (Trivopaedia)

Colossus (Statue of Helios) of Rhodes

Hanging Gardens of Semiramis at Babylon

Lighthouse on Pharos at Alexandria

Tomb of King Mausolus of Caria at Halicarnassus

Pyramid of King Cheops

Statue of Zeus at Olympia

Temple of Diana (Artemis) at Ephesus

Caves of the Pyrenees

Rio de Janeiro Harbour

Victoria Falls (Africa)

Paricutin (Mexico)

Word Trivia (Trivopaedia)

The longest word that only uses letters from the top row of a keyboard is TYPEWRITER

AFTERCATARACTS (plural for a condition that sometimes follows cataract surgery), TESSERADECADES and TETRASTEARATES are the longest words which can be typed using only the fingers of the left hand.

JOHNNY-JUMP-UP (a fast-growing flower or a brand name for a type of toy) is the longest word found in abridged dictionaries that can be typed using only the fingers of the right hand.

SHAKALSHAS (plural of Shakalsha, a people emigrating from Phrygia and colonizing Sicily in early times) is the longest word which can be typed using only the middle row of letters on the keyboard.

PLEASING is typed by using each finger one time. Some other such words (all of which consist of eight letters and include the letter P) are SCALPING, CLASPING, LIFESPAN, BIPLANES, CAPTIONS, PANELIST, and JACKPOTS.

A sentence that uses the same word 7 times in a row! "Adam, where Eve had had "had had", had had "had".

Palindrome -- (a word or phrase that reads the same backward as forward)

"Madam, I'm Adam", "Madam, In Eden I'm Adam" "Was it a cat I saw?"
"Able was I ere I saw Elba" "Go deliver a dare, vile dog" "Do Geese see God"
"Dogma: I am God" "Never odd or even" "Norma is as selfless as I am, Ron"

Monday is the only day of the week that has an anagram, dynamo.

"One thousand" contains the letter A, but none of the words from one to nine hundred ninety-nine has an A.

SWIMS is the longest word with 180-degree rotational symmetry (if you were to view it upside-down it would still be the same word and perfectly readable).

Hydroxyzine (a prescription drug) is the longest containing "x-y-z" in exact order. Next in line line is xyzzors, a scientific name for a nematode worm in biology.

The three-syllable word "hideous," with the change of a single consonant, becomes a two-syllable word with no vowel sounds in common: "hideout."

Honorificabilitudinitatibus is the longest word consisting entirely of alternating vowels and consonants.

A googol is a 1 followed by 100 zeros. Mathematician Edward Kasner supposedly asked his nephew Milton Sirotta to suggest a name for the number, and he came up with this word.

"Tautonyms" are scientific names for which the genus and species are the same.

The longest word in the Oxford dictionary is "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."
It has 45 letters.

In German, "eins" and "acht" are the only numbers with their letters in alphabetical order.

The word "earthling" was first found in print in 1593.

"Conservationalists" & "Conversationalists" (18 letters) are the longest non-scientific transposals (word formed from another by changing its letters).

The only countries in the world with one syllable in their names are Chad, France, Greece, and Spain.

"Four" is the only number whose number of letters in the name equals the number.

"Fickleheaded" and "fiddledeedee" are the longest words consisting only of letters in the first half of the alphabet.

"Adcomsubordcomphibspac" is the longest acronym. It is a Navy term standing for Administrative Command, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet Subordinate Command.

"Forty" is the only number which has its letters in alphabetical order. "One" is the only number with its letters in reverse alphabetical order.

"Dreamt" is the only common English word ending in -MT. Others are the obscure "adreamt," "redreamt," "undreamt," or "daydreamt."

If all numbers are arranged in alphabetical order, "eight" would be the first number. "Zero" would be the last number.

Among words consisting only of Roman numeral letters, the "highest scoring" words in English are MIMIC (2098) and IMMIX (2008).

Word Trivia - Pangrams (Trivopaedia)

(Holalphabetic sentences)

Pangrams are sentences containing all the letters of the alphabet.

"Quit beer," vows dizzy, puking, Michael J. Fox
A large fawn jumped quickly over white zinc boxes.
A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog.
A quick movement of the enemy will jeopardize six gunboats.
A quart jar of oil mixed with zinc oxide makes a very bright paint.
Astronaut Quincy B. Zack defies gravity with six jet fuel pumps.
Back in June we delivered oxygen equipment of the same size.
Ban foul, toxic smogs which quickly jeopardize lives
Blowzy red vixens fight for a quick jump.
By Jove, my quick study of lexicography won a prize.
Dangerously frozen, he quickly judged his extremities to be waterproof.
Doxy with charming buzz quaffs vodka julep.
Dr. Jekyll vows to finish zapping quixotic bum
Ebenezer unexpectedly bagged two tranquil aardvarks with his jiffy vacuum cleaner.
Five jumbo oxen graze quietly with packs of dogs.

World cities (Trivopaedia)

(population in millions)

Tokyo Japan 27.2
Mexico City Mexico 16.9
Sao Paulo Brazil 16.8
New York USA 16.4
Bombay India 15.7
Shanghai China 13.7
Los Angeles USA 12.6
Calcutta India 12.1
Buenos Aires Argentina11.9
Seoul Korea 11.8
Beijing China 11.4
Lagos Nigeria 10.9
Osaka Japan 10.6
Delhi India 10.3

World Expos (Trivopaedia)

Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations
Great Britain/London
Time: 1. May - 11. October 1851

Exposition Universelle
France/Paris
Time: 15. May - 15. November 1855

International Exhibtion of 1862
Great Britain/London
Time: 1. May - 1. November 1862

Great Industrial Exhibition
France/Paris
Time: 1. April - 3. November 1867

Weltausstellung 1873 Wien
Austria/Viena
Time: 1. May - 31. October 1873

Contennial Exposition
USA/Philadelphia
Time: 10. May - 10. November 1876

Exposition Universelle
France/Paris
Time: 20. May - 10. November 1878

Exposition Universelle
France/Paris
Time: 6. May - 31. October 1889

World's Columbian Exposition
USA/Chicago
Time: 1. Mai - 30. October 1893

Exposition Universelle
Belgiu/Brussels
Time: 10. May - 8. November 1897

Exposition Universelle
France/Paris
Time: 15. April - 12. November 1900

Louisiana Purchase Exposition
USA/St. Louis
Time: 30. April - 1. Dezember 1904

Exposition Universelle
Belgium/Liége
Time: 27. April - 6. November 1905

Exposition Universelle et Internationale
Belgium/Brussels
Time: 23. April - 7. November 1910

Panama-Pacific Exposition
USA/San Francisco
Time: 20. Februar - 4. Dezember 1915

Exposición Internacional de Barcelona
Spain/Barcelona
Time: 20. May 1929 - 15. January 1930

Exposition Coloniale Internationale
France/Paris
Time: 1931

Century of Progress International Exposition
USA/Chicago
Time: 27. Mai - 12. November 1933 and 25. May - 31. October 1934

Exposition Universelle et Internationale de Bruxelles
Belgium/Brussels
Time: 27. April - 6. November 1935

Exposition Universelle
France/Paris
Time: 25. May - 25. November 1937

New York World's Fair
USA/New York
Time: 30. April - 31. October 1939 and 11. May - 27. October 1940

Golden Gate International Exposition
USA/San Francisco
Time: 1939 and 1940

Expo '58
Belgium/Brussels
Time: 17. April - 19. October 1958

1962 Seattle World's Fair
USA/Seattle
Time: 21. April - 21. October 1962

New York World's Fair
USA/New York
Time: 22. April - 18. October 1964 and 21. April - 17. October 1965

Expo '67
Canada/Montreal
Time: 28. April - 27. October 1967

Hemisfair '68
USA/San Antonio
Time: 6. April - 6. October 1968

Expo '70
Japan/Osaka
Time: 15. March - 13. September 1970

Expo '74
USA/Spokane
Time: 4. May - 3. November 1974

Expo '75
Japan/Okinawa
Time: 1975

1982 World's Fair
USA/Knoxville
Time: 1. May - 31. October 1982

1984 Louisiana World Exposition
USA/New Orleans
Time: 12. May - 11. November 1984

Expo '85
Japan/Tsukuba
Time: 17. March - 16. September 1985

Expo '86
Canada/Vancouver
Time: 2. May - 13. October 1986

World Expo '88
Australien/Brisbane
Time: 30. April - 30. October 1988

1991
Bulgarien/Plovdiv
Time: 7. June - 7. July 1991

Expo '92
Spain/Sevilla
Time: 20. April - 12. October 1992

Genoa Expo '92
Italy/Genoa
Time: May - August 1992

Expo '93
Korea/Taejon
Time: 7. August - 7. November 1993

Expo '98
Portugal/Lisbon
Time: 22. May - 30. September 1998

Expo 2000
Germany/Hanover
Time: 1. June - 31. October 2000

2002
Switzerland/Zurich
Time: 15. May - 20. October 2002

World Timezones (Trivopaedia)

.A 1104 L110 US Std.
.B L103 L110 W Europe London, Paris
.D 1705 L409 E Europe (Some only)
.E 2604 1610 Israel
.F L103 L509 Moscow
.G L110 L103 Australia

-12:00 Kwajalein, Eniwetok
-11:00 Samoa, Midway Islands
-10:00 Hawaii
-09:00A Alaska
-08:00A US Pacific
-07:00A US Mountain
-07:00 US Mountain-Arizona-No DST
-06:00A US Central
-05:00A US Eastern
-05:00 US EST-Indiana-No DST
-04:00A Atlantic, Caracas, La Paz
-03:30 Newfoundland
-03:00 Buenos Aires, Brasilia
-02:00 MidAtlantic
-01:00B Azores
+00:00B Greenwich, London, Lisbon, Dublin
+01:00B West Europe, Paris, Rome, Berlin, Madrid
+02:00 East Europe, Athens, Cairo, Harare
+02:00E Israel
+03:00F Moscow, Kuwait, Nairobi, Baghdad
+03:30 Tehran
+04:00 Abu Dhabi, Baku, Muscat
+05:00 Karachi, Islamabad, Ekaterinburg
+05:30 Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, New Delhi
+06:00 Dhaka, Almaty, Colombo
+07:00 Bankok, Hanoi, Jakarta
+08:00 Beijing, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taipei
+08:00 Perth
+09:00 Tokyo, Osaka, Sapporo, Seoul, Yakutsk
+09:30 Adelaide, Darwin
+10:00 Brisbane
+10:00G Melbourne, Sydney, Guam, Hobart
+11:00 Solomon Is., Magadan, New Caledonia
+12:00G Auckland, Wellington, Fiji, Kamchatka

WW1 Military Forces (Trivopaedia)

Russia - 12.000.000
Germany - 11.000.000
British Empire - 8.904.467
France - 8.410.000
Austria/Hungary - 7.800.000
Italy - 5.615.000
USA - 4.355.000
Turkey - 2.850.000
Bulgaria - 1.200.000
Japan - 800.000
Romania - 750.000
Serbia - 707.343

WW1 Military Losses (Trivopaedia)

Germany - 1,773,700
Russia - 1,700,000
France - 1,357,800
Austria/Hungary - 1,200,000
British Empire - 908,371
Italy - 650,000
Romania - 335,706
Turkey - 325,000
USA - 116,516
Bulgaria - 87,500
Serbia - 45,000
Belgium - 13,716
Portugal- 7,222
Greece - 5,000
Montenegro - 3,000
Japan - 320

TOTAL ~ 8,526,220

All figures should be handled with care and taken as indication of the dimensions.

WW2 Military Forces (Trivopaedia)

USSR - 12,500,000
USA - 12,364,000
Germany - 10,000,000
Japan - 6,095,000
France - 5,700,000
UK - 4,683,000
Italy - 4,500,000
China - 3,800,000
India - 2,150,000
Poland - 1,000,000

WW2 Military Losses (Trivopaedia)

USSR - 13,600,000
Germany - 3,300,000
China - 1,324,516
Japan - 1,140,429
British Empire - 357,116
Romania - 350,000
Poland - 320,000
Yugoslavia - 305,000
USA - 292,131
Italy - 279,800

TOTAL - 21,268,992

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