PmUڜ%=S@7 @"Data.app!@.17R!AA general label for any pathological syndrome associated with excessive alcohol use. A variety of characteristics is found in serious cases, including a daily need for alcohol, continuing consumption in the face of physical disorders or impairments in social and occupational functioning,@DAustrian psychologist, founder of the school of individual psychology. Adler joined Freud and then split with him in 1911 over a difference in psychoanalytic judgment regarding inferiority feelings andstriving for power. Adler addressed himself to the educated layman, and much ofhis approach was directed toward the welfare of children; he was the founder of many child-guidance clinics. Individual psychology is concerned with three phases of mental disease: understanding, prevention, and treatment. This schoollays stress on the early development of the child and the feeling of helplessness that later produces inferiority complexes. Inferiority then leads to overcompensation and eventually produces the superior and hostile attitudes that characterize the delinquent or criminal personality. Adler's emphasis is on family: an older sibling being pushed aside to make way for the new baby,the importance of the mother figure as the first social contact. Diagnosis in individual psychology relies heavily on the patient's earliest memory as illustrative of his first attempts at problem solving. Dreams are seen asreflective of attempts to cope with problems.KAAn extremely general term used for a wide variety of acts that involve attack, hostility, etc. Typically, it is used for such acts that can be assumed to be motivated by any of the following: (a) fear or frustration; (b) a desire to produce fear or flight in others; or (c) a tendency to push forward one's own ideas or interests.AGenerally, a fear of open spaces. Agoraphobia is the most commonly cited phobic disorder of those persons who seek psychiatric or psychological treatment. It has a variety of manifestations, the most common a deep fear of being caught alone in some public place (indeed, this is regarded by some authorities as the defining feature of the disorder). Help for this phobia isnow easily available through clinics and groups treating the syndrome.AA progressive disease that is superficially similar to senility except that it strikes relatively early in life (usually in the 40s and 50s). The first sign is impaired memory, usually followed by disturbed speech and thought and ultimately complete helplessness. @ oning,DUU Y茐qyAdler, Alfred (1870-1937)0 Affective Disorder0A broad psychiatric diagnostic category used to denotedisturbances of mood or emotional tone to the point where excessive and inappropriate depression or elation occurs. Current terminology is mood disorder. See Bipolar disorder; Cyclothymic disorder.Affective Psychosis0Loosely, any psychosis with severe disturbances in mood orfeeling. The classic example is the manic-depressive reaction. Current terminology is bipolar disorder. See Bipolar disorder; Cyclothymic disorder.o Aggression0   K.K?  Agoraphobia0    Alcohol Abuse0  !Alcohol Amnestic Disorder0OMemory impairment associated with prolonged, excessive consumption of alcohol.Alcoholic Jealousy0XAn irrational, paranoid-like jealousy often observed in cases of chronic alcohol abuse.pAA disorder the defining feature of which is a marked change in mood and behavior following ingestion of an amount of alcohol too small to produce intoxication in most people. The intoxicated state is typically manifested by a dramatic shift toward aggressiveness and hostility that is not typical of the person and there is usually subsequent amnesia for the episode.$AAn organic mental disorder characterized by tremor of thehands, eyelids, and tongue, nausea, weakness, sweating, depressed mood, anxiety, and irritability. It follows, usually within a few hours, cessation ofalcohol intake in an individual who has been drinking for several days or longer.BMost contemporary usage reflects the standard dictionary meanings:a feeling of strangeness or separation from others; a sense of a lack of warm relations with others. Existentialists, however, have made the term a centralconstruct in their psychology and appended a subtle but important meaning to the term. Rather than concentrate solely upon alienation of one human from others, they also stress the alienation of a person from him-or herself. Thisseparation of the individual from the presumed "real" or "deeper" is assumed to result from preoccupation with conformity, the wishes of others and the pressures from social institutions. See Existential Psychology and Therapy.ABasically, an umbrella term used for all those subdisciplines within psychology that seek to apply principles, discoveries, and theories of psychology in practical ways in related areas, such as education, industry, marketing, opinion polling, sport, therapy..eIGenerally, any partial or complete loss of memory. A number ofspecific forms of amnesia are recognized, each denoting a particular kind of deficit in memory. Note, however, that amnesia can be physiological, caused by some form of damage to brain tissue, or psychogenic and caused by any of a variety of factors, including neurotic reactions.Amphetamines A class of drugs including benzedrine, dexedrine, and methedrinethat act as central nervous system stimulants. Amphetamines suppress appetite,increase heart rate and blood pressure, and, in larger doses produce a feelingof euphoria and power. Therapeutically, they are used to alleviate depression.They are also used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorders (ADHD) inchildren. Amphetamine abuse is common, and chronic use leads to paranoidpsychosis. See Tranquilizers, minor.Analysis The particular set of techniques and procedures used in the practiceof psychoanalysis. The process is designed to reveal root causes of mentalillness.Androgyny From Greek andros (= man) and gyne (= female), the condition inwhich some male and some female characteristics are present in the sameindividual.Anger Very generally, a fairly strong emotional reaction that accompanies avariety of situations, such as being physically restrained, being interferedwith, having one's possessions removed, being attacked or threatened, etc.Anger is often defined by a collection of physical reactions includingparticular facial grimaces and body positions.Angst German for anxiety, anguish, or psychic pain. In the existential school,this mental turmoil is regarded as the fundamental reality of beings who mustconfront life as a battleground within which personal choice is essential andthe responsibility for decisions made must be borne.Anima Originally, the soul. In the early writings of Carl Jung, one's innerbeing, that aspect of one's psyche in intimate association with one'sunconscious. In Jung's later writings, the feminine archetype, which wasdifferentiated from animus, the masculine archetype. In arguing for thisessential bisexuality of all persons, Jung hypothesized that both componentswere present in both sexes.Anorexia nervosa An eating disorder characterized by intense fear of becomingobese, dramatic weight loss, obsessive concern with one's weight, disturbancesof body image such that the patientAA class of drugs including benzedrine, dexedrine, and methedrine that act as central nervous system stimulants. Amphetamines suppress appetite, increase heart rate and blood pressure, and, in larger doses produce a feeling of euphoria and power. Therapeutically, they are used to alleviate depression.They are also used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorders (ADHD) in children. Amphetamine abuse is common, and chronic use leads to paranoidpsychosis. See Tranquilizers, minor.oEU!UEAlcoholic Psychosis0aA general term used to cover the serious, disabling outcome of excessive, chronic alcohol abuse."Alcohol Idiosyncratic Intoxication0#" pAlcohol Withdrawal0$Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium0Delirium resulting from sudden cessation of alcohol intake following an extended period of alcohol abuse. Typically, symptoms are hallucinations (usually visual), rapid and irregular heartbeat, agitation, tremors, sweating, and high blood pressure. Alienation0   Alzheimers Disease0Amnesia0e  Amphetamines0  Analysis0 The particular set of techniques and procedures used in the practice of psychoanalysis. The process is designed to reveal root causes of mental illness. Androgyny0  From Greek andros (= man) and gyne (= female), the condition inwhich some male and some female characteristics are present in the same individual.TAVery generally, a fairly strong emotional reaction that accompanies a variety of situations, such as being physically restrained, being interfered with, having one's possessions removed, being attacked or threatened, etc.Anger is often defined by a collection of physical reactions including particular facial grimaces and body positions.AGerman for anxiety, anguish, or psychic pain. In the existential school this mental turmoil is regarded as the fundamental reality of beings who must confront life as a battleground within which personal choice is essential and the responsibility for decisions made must be borne.AOriginally, the soul. In the early writings of Carl Jung, one's inner being, that aspect of one's psyche in intimate association with one's unconscious. In Jung's later writings, the feminine archetype, which wasdifferentiated from animus, the masculine archetype. In arguing for this essential bisexuality of all persons, Jung hypothesized that both components were present in both sexes.hBAn eating disorder characterized by intense fear of becomingobese, dramatic weight loss, obsessive concern with one's weight, disturbances of body image such that the patient feels fat when of normal weight or even when emaciated. The classic anorexic is young (rarely over 30), female (roughly 95 percent of all cases) and from a middle-or upper-class family. They frequently are described as model children.The disorder is rather resistant to treatment and can have an unremitting course leading to death, although inthe large majority of cases there is spontaneous full recovery. See Bulimia; Eating disorders.JA general term for several classes of drugs that function primarily to reduce anxiety. The term is preferred by many, rather than minor tranquilizers, on the grounds that they are not so minor and can have serious side effects, particularly when taken in large doses or in combination withalcohol.Antidepressant drugs A general psychopharmacological classification of drugsused in fairly severe depressive disorders. The most common are tricycliccompounds and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Some classification systems includethe amphetamines as antidepressants, although they are more commonly groupedwith the stimulants; others include lithium because of its use in the treatmentof manic-depressives. See Lithium; Tranquilizers, major; Tranquilizers, minor.Antipsychotic drugs A general term covering all those drugs used in thetreatment of psychoses. The major tranquilizers, such as Thorazine andMellaril, are included in this group. See Lithium; Tranquilizers, major;Neuroleptic medication.Antisocial personality disorder A personality disorder characterized by ahistory of chronic antisocial behavior (often observed in childhood), theessential feature of which is the violation of the rights of others. Strictlyspeaking the term is only used when the onset is before age 15 and continuesinto later life. Typical patterns of behavior are truancy from school, aninability to hold a job, lying, stealing, aggressive sexual behavior, drug andalcohol abuse, vagrancy and a high rate of criminality. See Psychopath;Criminal psychopath; Psychopathic personality.Anxiety Most generally, a vague, unpleasant emotional state with qualities ofapprehension, dread, distress, and uneasiness. Frequently known as panic,anxiety is often distinguished from fear in that an anxiety state is oftenobjectless, whereas fear assumes a specific feared object, person or event. Inexistential theory, anxiety is characterized as the emotional accompaniment ofthe immediate awareness of the meaninglessness, incompleteness, and chaoticnature of the world in which we live. See Generalized anxiety disorder;Hyperventilation.Anxiety, free-floating The kind of vague, nebulous anxiety associated with thegeneralized anxiety disorders. Also called neurotic anxiety. See Generalizedanxiety disorder.Anxiety neurosis A subclass of anxiety disorders characterized by recurrentperiods of intense anxiety. Usually included in this category are panicdisorders, generalized anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders.Anxiety-relief response A term coined by behavior therapists for a learnedoperant response that relieves feelings of anxiety. The technique is toassociate the response (usually saying out loud or thinking a word likeAA general psychopharmacological classification of drugsused in fairly severe depressive disorders. The most common are tricyclic compounds and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Some classification systems include the amphetamines as antidepressants, although they are more commonly groupedwith the stimulants; others include lithium because of its use in the treatment of manic-depressives. See Lithium; Tranquilizers, major; Tranquilizers, minor.BA personality disorder characterized by a history of chronic antisocial behavior (often observed in childhood), the essential feature of which is the violation of the rights of others. Strictly speaking the term is only used when the onset is before age 15 and continues into later life. Typical patterns of behavior are truancy from school, aninability to hold a job, lying, stealing, aggressive sexual behavior, drug and alcohol abuse, vagrancy and a high rate of criminality. See Psychopath;Criminal psychopath; Psychopathic personality. BMost generally, a vague, unpleasant emotional state with qualities of apprehension, dread, distress, and uneasiness. Frequently known as panic,anxiety is often distinguished from fear in that an anxiety state is often objectless, whereas fear assumes a specific feared object, person or event. In existential theory, anxiety is characterized as the emotional accompaniment of the immediate awareness of the meaninglessness, incompleteness, and chaoticnature of the world in which we live. See Generalized anxiety disorder; Hyperventilation.@QAnger0TAngst0oAnima0?FAnorexia Nevosa0hAntianxiety Drugs0 Antidepressant Drugs0Antipsychotic Drugs0A general term covering all those drugs used in the treatmentu of psychoses. The major tranquilizers, such as Thorazine and Mellaril, are included in this group. See Lithium; Tranquilizers, major; Neuroleptic medication.Antisocial Personality Disorder0 oAnxiety0 D5[KAnxiety, Free-Floating0The kind of vague, nebulous anxiety associated with the generalized anxiety disorders. Also called neurotic anxiety. See Generalized anxiety disorder.Anxiety Neurosis0A subclass of anxiety disorders characterized by recurrentperiods of intense anxiety. Usually included in this category are panicdisorders, generalized anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders.SA term coined by behavior therapists for a learned operant response that relieves feelings of anxiety. The technique is to associate the response (usually saying out loud or thinking a word like "calm" or "relax") with the cessation of a painful stimulus (like an electric shock). With the response now connected to a feeling of relief it can (at least in principle) be used in other anxious moments or circumstances.Anxiety, tolerance of A loose term used for the extent to which an individualcan put up with anxiety-provoking situations without having them adverselyaffect ability to function.Aphasia A general term covering any partial or complete loss of languageabilities. The origins are always organic, namely, a lesion in the brain. Thereare literally dozens of varieties of aphasia.Apoplexy An acute, abrupt loss of consciousness and subsequent motor paralysiscaused by brain hemorrhage, embolism, or thrombosis.Applied psychology Basically, an umbrella term used for all thosesubdisciplines within psychology that seek to apply principles, discoveries,and theories of psychology in practical ways in related areas, such aseducation, industry, marketing, opinion polling, sport, therapy.Archetype In Jung's characterization of the psyche, the inherited, unconsciousracial ideas and images that are the primitive components that rise as symbolsfrom the collective unconscious.Asexual Literally, without sex or lacking sexuality.Asocial Without regard to society or social issues. This meaning is used todescribe situations, events, behaviors, or people that operate independently of(although not in opposition to: antisocial) social values and customs. Anasocial person is one who is withdrawn from society.Assertiveness training A set of techniques used as both a treatment forcertain disorders and as a general training program to teach individuals how toassert themselves.Association, free Any seemingly unrelated association made between ideas,words, thoughts, etc. In a free-association test the subject is given a wordand asked to reply with the first word that comes to mind. It has been usedprimarily in psychoanalysis, where it serves mostly as a device to explore theclient's unconscious.Asthma A general term for any of several varieties of bronchial disorderscharacterized by a spasm of the upper respiratory system with difficult,labored breathing. Asthmatic attacks often accompany allergic reactions andoccasionally are secondary complications of respiratory infections. However,asthma is usually classified as a psychosomatic disorder because of thetendency for asthmatic reactions to accompany anxiety and psychoneuroticconflicts.Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) A general psychiatric syndromecharacterized by a child's displaying developmentally inappropriate lack ofattention, excessive motor activity, and a lack of impulse control. The termAttention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is used with children who show problems onlywith impulse control and/or attention deficits and are not overactive. This isa common disorder and frequently results in behavior and/or performanceproblems in the school setting. Typically the hyperactivity diminishes as thechild reaches middle school, but the attentional difficulties and impulsivenessoften persist until the late teenage or early adult years. This disorder hashad previous names, such as hyperkinesis, hyperactive syndrome, hyperkineticsyndrome of childhood, and minimal brain dysfunction. See Hyperactivity;Hyperkinesis.Aura A subjective experience that frequently precedes an epileptic seizure oran impending migraine headache. The aura may occur anywhere from a few hours toseveral seconds prior to onset and usually consists of a variety of sensory-based hallucinations (e.g., a flash of light).Autism The general meaning is reflected by the roots of the word: aut-= self,and -ism = orientation or state. Hence, the tendency to be absorbed in oneself;a condition in which one's thoughts, feelings, and desires are governed byone's internal apprehensions of the world. The term implies that the internalstate is in conflict with reality and that the individual sees things in termsof fantasies and dreams, wishes, and hopes, rather than in terms of a realityshared by and with others. The term was originally coined by E. Bleuler forschizophrenia.Automatic speech Speech produced without conscious reflection on what is beingsaid. Easily seen with extremely well-learned material, as with counting,saying the alphabet. Also, speech that emerges devoid of conscious control. Itis observed in some psychoses, in advanced senility, and occasionally in highlyemotional states.Autosuggestion Literally, self-suggestion. The term comes from a system ofself-improvement developed by a Frenchman, Emile Coue (1857-1926), that wasvery popular in the 1920s and 1930s. The heart of Coue's rather simplisticsystem was contained in the phrase,AA major affective disorder in which both manic and depressive episodes occur. Also known as manic-depression and manic-depressive psychosis. See Affective disorder; Affective psychosis; Cyclothymic disorder; Hypomanic disorder; Lithium; Mania; Manic episode.AWithout regard to society or social issues. This meaning is used to describe situations, events, behaviors, or people that operate independently of (although not in opposition to: antisocial) social values and customs. An asocial person is one who is withdrawn from society.6AAny seemingly unrelated association made between ideas,words, thoughts, etc. In a free-association test the subject is given a word and asked to reply with the first word that comes to mind. It has been used primarily in psychoanalysis, where it serves mostly as a device to explore the client's unconscious.AA general term for any of several varieties of bronchial disorders characterized by a spasm of the upper respiratory system with difficult, labored breathing. Asthmatic attacks often accompany allergic reactions and occasionally are secondary complications of respiratory infections. However, asthma is usually classified as a psychosomatic disorder because of the tendency for asthmatic reactions to accompany anxiety and psychoneurotic conflicts.,CA general psychiatric syndromecharacterized by a child's displaying developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, excessive motor activity, and a lack of impulse control. The term Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is used with children who show problems only with impulse control and/or attention deficits and are not overactive. This isa common disorder and frequently results in behavior and/or performance problems in the school setting. Typically the hyperactivity diminishes as thechild reaches middle school, but the attentional difficulties and impulsivenessoften persist until the late teenage or early adult years. This disorder hashad previous names, such as hyperkinesis, hyperactive syndrome, hyperkineticsyndrome of childhood, and minimal brain dysfunction. See Hyperactivity; Hyperkinesis.F$>ЄyAnxiety-Relief Response0Anxiety, Tolerance of0A loose term used for the extent to which an individual can put up with anxiety-provoking situations without having them adversely affect ability to function.Aphasia0A general term covering any partial or complete loss of language abilities. The origins are always organic, namely, a lesion in the brain. There are literally dozens of varieties of aphasia.Apoplexy0 {An acute, abrupt loss of consciousness and subsequent motor paralysis caused by brain hemorrhage, embolism, or thrombosis.Applied Psychology0 Archetype0  In Jung's characterization of the psyche, the inherited, unconsciousracial ideas and images that are the primitive components that rise as symbols from the collective unconscious.Asexual0-Literally, without sex or lacking sexuality.Asocial0 Assertiveness Training0A set of techniques used as both a treatment for certain disorders and as a general training program to teach individuals how to assert themselves.Association, Free0!6Asthma0"-Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorded (ADHD)0.-#,AA subjective experience that frequently precedes an epileptic seizure or an impending migraine headache. The aura may occur anywhere from a few hours to several seconds prior to onset and usually consists of a variety of sensory-based hallucinations (e.g., a flash of light).(BThe general meaning is reflected by the roots of the word: aut-= self, and -ism = orientation or state. Hence, the tendency to be absorbed in oneself; a condition in which one's thoughts, feelings, and desires are governed by one's internal apprehensions of the world. The term implies that the internal state is in conflict with reality and that the individual sees things in terms of fantasies and dreams, wishes, and hopes, rather than in terms of a realityshared by and with others. The term was originally coined by E. Bleuler for schizophrenia.9ASpeech produced without conscious reflection on what is being said. Easily seen with extremely well-learned material, as with counting, saying the alphabet. Also, speech that emerges devoid of conscious control. It is observed in some psychoses, in advanced senility, and occasionally in highly emotional states.rALiterally, self-suggestion. The term comes from a system of self-improvement developed by a Frenchman, Emile Coue (1857-1926), that was very popular in the 1920s and 1930s. The heart of Coue's rather simplistic system was contained in the phrase, "Every day in every way I am getting better and better", which he counseled people to repeat twenty to thirty times a day.AA general term for any of a number of behavior-modificationtechniques that use unpleasant or painful stimuli in a controlled fashion for the purpose of altering behavior patterns in a therapeutic way. The use of such procedures has been primarily restricted to such disorders as alcoholism, drug abuse, and cigarette smoking (and in a few questionable cases, homosexuality) and, generally speaking, they have not been very successful.AA personality disorder characterized by a hypersensitivity to rejection that is so extreme that the individual avoids contacts with others and shies away from forming relationships unless givenstrong guarantees of uncritical acceptance. There is typically low self-esteem, a tendency to devalue accomplishments and inappropriate distress over personal shortcomings -- all accompanied by a desire for affection and acceptance.DA very large group of drugs classified as hypnosedatives. Of theover 2,500 barbiturates that have been catalogued, roughly 15 are currently used, in a variety of conditions, including (most commonly) as an aid for sleeping, as an anesthetic, and in the symptomatic treatment of epilepsy. Generally, barbiturates depress the activity of all excitable cells. Barbiturates can be divided into three classes, depending on speed and durationof action. The long-acting include phenobarbital and mephobarbital. These produce their effects slowly (approximately one hour after ingestion) and last roughly 8-12 hours. The intermediate-acting (15-30 minute onset time; 3-5 hour action) include pentobarbital, secobarbital and amobarbital. The ultra-short-acting (1-2 seconds; 15-30 minutes) include thiopental and methohexital. Those in this last group are used primarily as anesthetics and administration isusually intravenous. With long-term use all the barbiturates produce tolerance as well as both psychological and physiological drug dependence.oAA syndrome classified as an organic mental disorder that appears following cessation of intake of barbiturates after a history of prolonged and heavy use. The symptoms are virtually identical with those of alcohol withdrawal and include nausea, weakness, tachycardia, sweating,anxiety, and confusion. See Alcohol withdrawal; Alcohol withdrawal delirium; Withdrawal.:AThe approach to psychology that argues that the only appropriatesubject matter for scientific psychological investigation is observable, measurable behavior. It was with John B. Watson in the 1910s that behaviorism was born. It is represented in contemporary thinking by the perspective of thelate B.F. Skinner.dBThat type of psychotherapy that seeks to change abnormal ormaladaptive behavior patterns by the use of positive and negative reinforcers. The focus is on the behavior itself rather than on underlying conflicts. All behavioral disorders are assumed to result from unfortunate contingencies inthe life of the individual leading to the acquisition of maladaptive behaviors. There is no need to explore underlying conflicts; effective therapy should aimat modification of the behavior(s) that the patient currently manifests. A large array of specific therapeutic procedures and modification techniquesexists.AFrench psychologist who developed the first standardized intelligence test. At the turn of the century, Binet began research on individual differences, which eventually led him to develop his renowned intelligence scale in 1905. For intelligence investigation, he studiedthe differing mental levels and processes of his daughters, using pictures, word tests, and ink blots. The Stanford-Binet Scale is a revision of the original Binet and Simon test, widely adapted for use in most countries.@1~5=Aura0%Autism0&(Automatic Speech0'9Autosuggestion0(rAversion Therapy0)Avoidant-Personality Disorder0*Babinski Reflex0An upward extension of the toes upon stroking the sole of thefoot. A normal reflex in infants but a symptom of certain classes of organic disorders in adults. Barbiturates0  +Barbiturate Withdrawal0,o Behaviorism0  -:Behaviour Modification0CChanging behavior by applying techniques based on learning theory.Behavior Therapy0.d Beastiality0  Most broadly, any beastly behavior of a person. More specifically, sexual behavior between humans and animals. The latter is the usual meaning.Binet, Alfred (1857-1911)0/ Biofeedback0  qFeedback providing information about bodily functioning throughsensory channels or outside sources (e.g., EEG).CA general label covering all periods of biological systems. The most intensely studied are the circadian rhythms, although many biological functions show a period other than a daily one, for example, menstrual cycles,bird migrations, protective-coloring changes, etc. Note that in recent years this term has become contaminated by the emergence of a pseudoscience of the same name. Using the so-called biorhythm methods its practitioners claim to beable to predict a person's performance on a task on any given day, on the basisof a chart of their biorhythms from their day of birth. An utter lack of supportive evidence for these claims has, predictably, had little impact on public acceptance but it has led scientific researchers to cast about for a new label for their field.f@Table1Name:  dNotes:dp@OOOO@ ԓSVC episode.AThe complex system whereby information about feelings andemotions is communicated through nonverbal channels involving gestures, bodyposition, facial expressions, etc. Despite the often misleading and trivial discussions about it that have unfortunately impressed themselves upon the laypublic, it is possible to approach this topic in a reasonable andscientifically responsible fashion.AA personality disorder in which the individual chronically lives on the borderline between normal, adaptive functioning andreal psychic disability. Usually such a person is identified by any of a number of instabilities with no clear features; e.g., interpersonal relations tend tobe unstable, self-image may be disturbed, displays of anger and temper are common, impulsive acts that are self-damaging, like gambling or shoplifting,are frequent.yAAn eating disorder in which an individual goes through recurrentepisodes of rapidly consuming a large quantity of food and then purging (e.g. vomiting, using laxatives). Episodes are usually associated with depression andare followed by guilt, self-deprecation and overconcern with body shape and weight. See Anorexia nervosa; Eating disorders. See also Health and Medicine.OBIn classical (Freudian) psychoanalytic theory, the fear associated with loss of one's genitals. In the male the complex is supposedly manifested as anxiety surrounding the possibility of loss, in females as the guilt over having already experienced the loss. The original position with regard to males has, of course, been critiqued rather severely but is still, generally speaking, a part of the standard psychoanalytic theory; the position with regard to females has been so vigorously attacked, especially by female analysts, that it is rarely taken seriously any longer. See Penis envy.AThe term refers literally to muscular rigidity or extreme tension. It is observed as a syndrome in catatonic schizophrenia where the patient in a so-called catatonic state may remain in a fixed position for long periods. See Schizophrenia, catatonic (type).AFrom the Greek meaning purification, purging. In psychoanalytictheory this meaning was borrowed to refer to the release of tension and anxiety resulting from the process of bringing repressed ideas, feelings, wishes, and memories of the past into consciousness. Lay usage has broadened the meaning a bit and one often sees the term used to refer to any satisfying emotional experience.FBThe largest and most prominent structure of the brain. The inner core is composed of white matter: the outer covering is made up entirely of gray matter. The human cerebrum consists of perhaps 15 billion cells and is the latest brain structure to have evolved. It is involved in processing and interpretation of sensory inputs, control over voluntary motor activity,consciousness, planning, and execution of action, thinking, ideating, language, reasoning, judging, and the like; in short, all of those functions most closelyassociated with the so-called higher mental functions.AGenerally, any form of physical or psychological mistreatment orneglect of a child by parents or guardians. The most common form involves severe and repeated physical injury (contusions, broken bones). Other forms of mistreatment such as starvation, locking the child away in attics or closets, burning with cigarettes or other hot objects, sexual assault, and emotional andpsychological degradation are also included. See Abusing parent.(F;늖u Biorhythms0  0Bipolar Disorder02Bisexual0 uAn individual whose sexual preferences include members of his or her own sex as well as members of the opposite sex. Body Language0 3Borderline Personality Disorder0 4 Brain Lesion0  FAny damage to brain tissue produced by injury, disease, surgery, etc.Bulimia05y Caffeinism0  Caffeine intoxication. Symptoms are nervousness, anxiety, insomnia and psychomotor agitation. In sensitive persons as little as 250 mg (roughly 2-3 cups of coffee or 3-5 cups of tea) is sufficient to produce these effects.oCastration Complex06O.O Catatonia0  7 Catharsis0  8 Cerebellum0  }Literally, the Latin diminutive little brain. It is involved in muscle coordination and the maintenance of body equilibrium.Cerebrum0 9F Child Abuse0  :AAOne of the standard classifications of behavior disorders. It refers to disorders resulting from large, long-lastingbrain damage such as those caused by syphilis, brain tumors, strokes, or drugs. The most common by far are those due to changes occurring in old age (senile psychosis) and alcohol (alcoholic psychosis).lAAlso known as nondirective therapy. Developed by Carl Rogers. The therapist does not advise or direct the clients. Working on the assumption that clients are best able to deal with their personal problems, the therapist is nonjudgmental and accepting and reflects the clients' feelings andconcerns in order to clarify points and encourage them. See Rogers, Carl.CThe area of psychology concerned with aberrant,maladaptive or abnormal human behavior. Within the vast umbrella of clinical practices are diagnosis, classification, treatment, prevention, and research. Although recent years have reflected a trend toward the empirical approach, in which the clinician draws on the findings and methodology of the researcher,clinical psychology largely reflects its historical lineage, which ispredominantly medical in orientation. However, to appreciate the enormous rangeavailable to the practicing clinician (and even more bewilderingly, to the person seeking psychotherapy), other recognized and widely practiced therapiesshould be consulted: behavior, client-centered, encounter, Gestalt, group, psychoanalysis (various forms), existential, cognitive, etc.|AA situation in which one person develops a dependency on another person who is also dependent. This usually occurs in dysfunctional relationships and the term is frequently used in the area of substance abuse.For example, a spouse has a neurotic need to maintain a bad marriage relationship and is unwilling to challenge the substance-dependent partner'sdysfunctional behavior.dASlang for the process of terminating a physiological drugdependence by abruptly ceasing to take the drug with no support from other drugs. Depending on the severity of the dependence and the form of drug involved, such a process can be a most trying experience. This is particularly true in the case of opiates, amphetamines. and alcohol. See Withdrawal. AJung's term for that aspect of the unconscious shared by all. This racial unconscious (as it is also called) was assumed by Jung to be inherited and, in his conceptualization, to consist of the residue of the evolution of man. Its components were termed archetypes. AA general term for any dementia associated with the aged.Senile dementias are of the primary degenerative type and are associated with a variety of causes, including Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, certain vitamin deficiencies, and cerebrovascular pathologies.O@iTable1ColA1 ColB1ColA3ColB3 Index1ColA1 }.ABehavior motivated by factors that compel a person to act against his or her own wishes. Differentiate from obsession, in which the focus is moreon thoughts and feelings than on behavior, and from impulse, in which the compelling quality is more sudden and satisfiable. Compulsion usually carriesthe connotation of repetitiveness and irrationality. See Obsession; Obsessive-compulsive disorder.nDA generic term for a set of empirical concepts, particularly those that specify the conditions under which associative learning takes place. Often divided into two separate types: classical conditioning (or Pavlovian) and operant (or Skinnerian). The basic difference between the two is that in classical conditioning the outcome of a trial always occurs regardless of how the organism responds -- Pavlov's dogs received food whether or not they salivated. In operant conditioning the outcome of a trial is contingent uponthe organism making a specified response -- Skinner's pigeons were not given food unless they pecked the key the requisite number of times under the properstimulus conditions. In classical conditioning, the conditioned response (e.g., eye blink, salivation, knee jerk) is generally reflexive, primitive, autonomic,and lacking in volition, and it is elicited by the conditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, the response (e.g., bar pressing, maze running) is morevoluntary, nonreflexive, and emitted by the organism in the presence of the appropriate stimulus. See Skinner, Burrhus F.; Pavlov, Ivan P..CGenerally, a state of awareness. This is the most general usageof the term and is that intended in phrases like he lost consciousness. It is also a domain of mind that contains the sensations, perceptions, and memories of which one is momentarily aware, that is, those aspects of present mentallife to which one is attending. The term has a distinctly checkered history. It has sometimes represented the central focus of pychology (structuralism) and atothers been banned from the psychologist's lexicon as representing nothing morethen the flotsam of bodily activity; (See Behaviorism). The ongoing fascinationwith it, however, stems from the compelling sense that consciousness is one ofthe fundamental defining features of our species: that to be human is to possess not only self-awareness but the even more remarkable capacity to scan and review mentally that of which we are aware.AIn psychoanalysis, the analyst's displacement of affect(i.e., transference) onto the client. More generally, the analyst's emotional involvement in the therapeutic interaction. In the former sense countertransference is a distorting element in a psychoanalysis and can bedisruptive; in the latter sense it is considered benign and, by some,inevitable. Freud supported the former sense, and Jung the latter. Most current analysts See it as inevitable and even as therapeutically useful.SCThe 12 nerves that enter and leave the brain directly rather than through the spinal cord. They are numbered and individually named:I Olfactory: smellII Optic: visionIII Ocumotor: eye musclesIV Trocular: oblique muscles of  eye.V Trigeminal: face, nose, and  tongue.VI Abducens: rectus muscles  of eye.VII Facial: facial muscles, taste  buds, anterior part of the  tongue.VIII Auditory-vestibular: hearing  and balance, also called  vestibulocochlear.IX Glossopharyngeal: the  throat, taste buds, posterior  part of the tongue.X Vagus: heart, lungs, thorax,  larynx, pharynx, external  ear, and abdominal viscera.XI Spinal accessory: neck  muscles.XII Hypoglossal: tongue  muscles.}BAn affective disorder characterized by cyclic mood swings or by a fairly consistent elation or depression. Distinguish from manic-depression, in which the range of the emotions is much more extreme. Cyclothymia is used as a psychiatric label only when there has been extendedobservation (usually two years or more) by the physician of the patient's mood swings. Cyclothymic patients rarely experience together more than two months of behavior not categorized as either elated or depressed. Not meant to apply toacute emotional reactions. Also called cyclic disorder or cyclothymia. One of the bipolar disorders. See Bipolar disorder.gAA disoriented condition with clouded consciousness, often accompanied by hallucinations, illusions, misinterpretations of events, and a generallyconfused quality with reduced capacity to sustain attention to things in the environment. Delirium is frequently of fairly rapid onset (often after headinjury or a seizure) but may also develop slowly over time.AAn acute delirium, with all of its characteristic symptoms,that is associated with excessive alcohol abuse. Some writers have used the term (and its slang abbreviation, the d.t.'s) as though the syndrome were caused by alcohol consumption, which is true but only in a misleading manner.The proper usage is for a delirium whose onset follows, usually by a day or two, the cessation of alcohol intake after many years of alcohol abuse.BDrug dependence produced by alterations in physiological states resulting from repeated administrations of the drug. Thecharacteristic that marks such dependence and differentiates it from psychological dependence is that severe physiological dysfunctions emerge if the drug is suddenly discontinued. Opiates and the barbiturates both producesuch dependence with prolonged use. Also referred to as physical dependence. The term is preferred over the previously used addiction and drug addiction.See Addiction.ADrug dependence characterized by a rather pervasive drive to obtain and take the substance. The term is usually used for dependences on drugs whose action does not produce fundamental biochemical changes such that continued doses of the drug are required for normal functioning. Drugs like marijuana are commonly cited as ones likely to produce psychological dependence with habitual use. See Addiction.(A A personality disorder characterized by the sufferer's passively allowing others to take over responsibility for his or herlife. Such individuals are typically lacking in self-confidence, unsure of their abilities and willing to allow decision making in all matters to be taken over by others.EBGenerally, a mood state characterized by a sense of inadequacy, a feeling of despondency, a decrease in activity or reactivity, pessimism,sadness, and related symptoms. In this sense depressions are quite normal, relatively short-lived, and (damnably) frequent. In psychiatry, any of a number of affective disorders in which the above characteristics of mood are extreme and intense. Depression in this sense may be symptom of some other psychological disorder. Note that Anhedonia (general lack of interest in thepleasures of life) is an essential characteristic of depression.@The dominant meaning is that of the existentialists, who used the term to characterize the feeling of loss of self or of personalidentity, the sense that one is but a number in a computer memory bank, or mere cog in a blundering, dehumanized, social machine. In psychiatric terms, it represents an emotional disorder in which there is a loss of contact with one's own personal reality, accompanied by feelings of strangeness and an unreality of experience. In severe cases, parts of one's body feel alien or altered in size and one may have the experience of perceiving oneself from a distance. ADepression resulting from events occurring in one's life. The use of the term depression in this label is clinical and connotes that theaffective reaction is inappropriate given the events themselves, thus differentiating the meaning of the term from that of grief.?AThe founder of the functionalist movement, which wasone of the leading schools of psychology in the first half of the twentieth century. Functionalism is a very practical psychological movement that emphasizes the usefulness of mental processes in the adaptation of the organism(the entire human) to its environment.OADepressive episode, major In psychiatry, depression with all of the classic symptoms: sleep disturbances, lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, despondency,morbid thoughts, appetite disturbance, impaired concentration, and, on occasion, suicide attempts. The term is reserved for cases in which there is no known organic dysfunction.BStrictly speaking, the field of psychology concerned with the lifelong process of change. Change here means any qualitative and/or quantitative modification in structure and function: crawling to walking,babbling to speaking, illogical reasoning to logical, infancy to adolescence to maturity to old age, birth to death. When first articulated as a substantivesubdiscipline in psychology by G.S. Hall around the turn of the century, it was quite explicitly this kind of cradle-to-grave field of investigation. However, it should be noted that most of the scientists who call themselvesdevelopmental psychologists are interested in childhood, indeed so much so that for many the term developmental psychology has become equivalent to childpsychology.A(DSM I, II, III and III-R) The full name is Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It is the official system for classification of psychological and psychiatric disorders prepared by and published by the American Psychiatric Association. The latest revision, DSM III-R, was completed in 1987 and is the major guide for the classification,treatment, and prognosis of psychological/psychiatric disorders.\AInability to orient oneself with regard to spatial, temporal, and contextual aspects of the environment. Acute disorientation brought on by alcohol, drugs, or dramatic alterations in one's circumstances is not uncommon and not abnormal; long-term progressive disorientation is a symptom of a variety of psychological and/or neurological disorders.AUsed generally to characterize the process (or its result)whereby a coordinated set of activities, thoughts, attitudes, or emotionsbecomes separated from the rest of the person's personality and functionsindependently. More extreme forms are observed in the dissociative disorders (e.g., Multiple personality disorder, fugue, amnesia). H.S. Sullivan used the term to characterize the process whereby thoughts or memories that produce anxiety are cut off from consciousness. See Multiple personality.BA technique originally used in psychoanalysis whereby the contents of dreams are analyzed for underlying or disguised motivations, symbolic meanings, or evidence of symbolic representations. In typical dream analysis the individual relates a dream and then free associates about it withthe aim of deriving insight into underlying dynamics. Freud, quoting the old proverb, pigs dream of acorns and geese dream of maize, assumed that dreamswere expressions of wish-fulfillment. However, according to the standard theory, since most wishes had been repressed, the deep meaning of dreams (dreamcontent) had to be interpreted through a veil of censorship, disguise and symbolism. See Dream symbolism.8IY19 )Dependency, Morbid0Karen Horney's term for extreme, neurotic surrender of selfto another, such that one person becomes pathologically reliant on another for things social and emotional.Dependant Personality Disorder0P(oDepersonalization0ST?9I Depression0  TEDepression, Agitated0A depression in which the individual displays psychomotoragitation as a dominant symptom. The overt symptoms are irritability, excitability, and restlessness.Depression, Psychotic0Severe depression in which the individual loses contact with reality and suffers from an array of impairments of normal functioning.Depression, Neurotic0Ordinary severe depression. A mildly out-of-date term used as a cover for any depression that is not a psychotic depression; i.e., one in which there is no loss of contact with reality.Depression, Reactive0U Depression, Retarded0Depression characterized by psychomotor retardation asthe dominant symptom. The individual tends to be lethargic, laconic, and slow to initiate action.Depression, Unipolar0A major depressive episode. The qualifier unipolar is used when the depressive episodes recur without the appearance of the manic phase that is observed in the classic form of bipolar disorder.Depressive Anxiety0A psychoanalytic term for anxiety provoked by a sense offear concerning one's own hostile feelings toward others. The usage here derives from the oft-stated interpretation that depression is hostility turned inwards.Depressive Episode0WODevelopmental Psychology0VDewey, John (1859-1952)0X? AAccording to psychoanalytic theory the contents of a dream are of two types: (a) manifest -- that known to the dreamer, the surface of the dream; and (b) latent -- the deep, hidden aspects that presumably need to be interpreted before their meanings can be made clear.gCWithin the various psychoanalytic approaches, the disguisedexpressions in dreams wherein one thing is a stand-in or a symbol for something else. The usual interpretation is that the symbols are necessary fordeeply repressed wishes to escape censorship. There are standard interpretations for some commonly occurring dream symbols -- towers, pencils,pistons, and other entities that share functional, physical, or linguistic similarities are almost universally taken as phallic symbols, likewise boxes, doorways, and tunnels as vaginas. However, it is misleading to generalize blindly the symbolic elements of dreams. If dream analysis is to be of value itneeds to be carried out with a sensitivity to the dreamer's own life and to the manner in which the free-associations to the dream unfold. "Pop psychology" books on dream symbolism and meaning should be avoided.7AThe effects of two (or more) drugs taken together, when their combined effects are different from what would be produced by only one of them taken alone. The classic example is that of alcohol and a sedative: their interaction produces central nervous depression far greater than either drug alone would yield.BA learning disability that is characterized by a disturbance in the process of reading or interpreting letters or words. This term is reserved for individuals who have significant problems reading when there is no evidence of any generally debilitating disorder, like mental retardation, major brain injury, severe emotional problems, or cultural factors. The dyslexic individual shows a cluster of specific characteristics with the major symptom of an inability to read. Some of the other symptoms are: reading or writing words, letters or numbers backwards, mispronouncing words, fine-motor coordinationproblems, memory problems, inability to repeat words or sounds that are heard. See Learning disability.=BGenerally, not following any one system but selecting and using whatever is considered best in all systems. In clinical psychology and psychiatry an eclectic therapist is one who will use whatever therapeutic procedures seem most applicable to the case. This may mean taking a psychoanalytic bent with one client but a more direct, behaviorial approach with another. In general, eclecticism is regarded as healthy, especially in fields like psychology, which are at too immature a level to expect that any one of its theories or procedures could be universally applicable.BA label for a child who scores below the normal range on a standard IQ test and although formally still classified as mentally retarded can still profit from education and instruction. Contrast with trainable mentally retarded (TMR), which is used for those considered to be sufficiently below normal so as not to be able to profit from a standard education but who can be trained in a minimally demanding skill. Generally theIQ range for the EMR is 50-69; the TMR label is reserved for those scoring between 35 and 49. Current terminology for EMR includes Mild Mentally Handicapped or Disabled and for TMR, Moderate Mentally Handicapped or Disabled.See Intelligence quotient; Mental retardation.?BFrom the Latin for I, the I or self conceptualized as the central core around which all psychic activities revolve. Also, one of the components in the Freudian tripartite model of the psychic apparatus (along with the id and superego). In this conceptualization the ego serves as an executive who functions adaptively to maintain psychic balance. Today, the ego is conceived of as a kind of psychological touchstone that serves as a basis for one'sinterests, values, attitudes, desires, etc. This is the meaning captured in terms like egocentric, egoistic, and egotistical.uAThe gradual emerging awareness by the child that he or she is a distinct, independent person. The manner in which this takes place is not so easily stated, however. Classical psychoanalysis assumes that the process is one in which the ego progressively acquires functions that enable the individual to master impulses and to learn how to function independently ofparents.CThe use of electroconvulsive shock as a therapeutic procedure for psychiatric disorders. The technique consists ofcapplying weak electric current (20-30 milliamps) to the temperofrontal region of the skull until a grand mal seizure results. The patient is sedated using an ultra-short-acting barbiturate, and a muscle relaxant is administered tominimize the intensity of the muscular reactions. ECT produces a period of drowsiness, temporary confusion, and disorientation, and a variety of memory deficits, some of which the patient recovers over time, although gaps may remain indefinitely. In the past there have been rigorous protests over the uncontrolled and unwarranted use of ECT, particularly in many large,understaffed mental institutions where its primary function is to produce docility in patients when they are threatened with it. While it has in the past been seen as a treatment of last resort for depressed people who do not respond to drug therapy, it is recently regaining some respectability.HdQ  !Diagnostic and Statistical Manual0"!Z Dipsomania0  Uncontrollable craving for alcoholic beverages. Distinguish from alcoholism, dipsomania occurs in widely spaced attacks of relatively short duration.Directive Therapy0}A general label for any therapeutic approach when the therapist gives advice to the client and directs the client to change.Disorientation0[\ Dissociation0  \Down's Syndrome0A congenital condition characterized by a flat skull, stubby fingers, an unusual pattern of skin folds on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, folds on the eyelids, a fissured tongue, and often severe mental deficiency.Dream0A lot of people have wrestled with this one; let us define it simply as imagery during sleep. Dreaming appears to occur in many organisms and is intimately related to rapid-eye movement (or REM) sleep.Dream Analysis0] Dream Content0 ^ Dream Symbolism0_gDrug Interaction0`7 Dysfunctional0 A term recently coined and often used in substance abusesituations. It implies abnormal, difficult, faulty, inappropriate, etc.functioning (e.g., dysfunctional family, dysfunctional behavior).Dyslexia0 aEating Disorders0A general term used to cover a variety of conditions characterized by serious disturbances in eating habits and appetitive behaviors, e.g., anorexia nervosa. See Anorexia nervosa; Bulimia.Eclectic0 b= Educable Mentally Retarded (EMR)0! c_AA record of the changes in electrical potential of the brain. Electrodes are generally attached to (or occasionally just under) the scalp, and the wavelike potentials are amplified and transferred to paper. Detailed EEG analyses have revealed that the brain undergoes systematic changesin the kinds of potential exhibited during various activities.AA small group that focuses on intensive interpersonalinteractions (or encounters). The group usually has as its goals the removal of psychological barriers and defenses, achieving openness, honesty, and thewillingness to deal with the difficulties of emotional expression. Group members are encouraged to deal with here-and-now and to eschew intellectualization and personal history. Encounter groups and their use in psychotherapy began with the human potential movement.CAmerican psychoanalyst born in Germany who studied with the Freudians and eventually became a professor of human development and lecturer on psychiatry at Harvard. Erikson is especially important for hisinvolvement with child development, his writings on the identity crisis, and his revision of Freud's psychosexual theory. The Ego Psychology of Eriksonrecasts Freudian theories into what is known as a psychosocial form, tracing the child's development into adulthood through trust/distrust, autonomy/shame and doubt, initiative/guilt, industry/inferiority, personal identity/roleconfusion, intimacy/isolation, creativity/stagnation, and egointegrity/despair. Each stage is representative of a critical point indevelopment, and a positive adaptation (i.e., to trust rather than distrust, which the child learns from the first encounter with the parents) at each stageis instrumental in attaining mental health in adulthood.@An acronym for Erhard Seminar Training. A form of psychotherapy based on the theories of Werner Erhard (ne Jack Rosenberg, a one-time sales manager). The procedure consists of large group sessions of rather extraordinaryintensity. For up to 60 hours several hundred people are gathered in a large hall and subjected to physical privation, guided (some would say forced)meditation, and fervent diatribes on the EST way to get in touch with one's inner sense of personal responsibility. It would be remiss not to add here acautionary note -- the EST program is more of a mass psychological religion than a true therapeutic procedure (it has been called the McDonald's of Zen), and the pressure and intensity of an EST session holds genuine dangers for persons with severe emotional problems.ETo treat this broad and varied spectrum of contemporary psychology and psychologists, it is necessary to have a brief butworking knowledge of existentialism, a philosophical movement of the twentiethcentury. Simply put, existentialism contends that a human lives in an unknowable universe, that he or she must make choices and assume responsibility for decisions, and that he or she must exercise free will without living under absolute certainties of right or wrong. Existential psychology is based on thepremise that existence takes precedence over essence, that nothing is determined, and that freedom of choice is paramount. This school does not dealwith abstractions and opposes the intellectualism of classic psychoanalysis. Existential therapy has no rigid set of tenets in its approach to mentalhealth. Most therapists are in general eclectic and in particular adhere to existential doctrine. Since being is prime in the movement, the interactionof the patient to the inner and outer world is deeply explored, with the knowledge that he or she is able to determine his or her own future. Because freedom of choice is stressed, a natural anxiety arises on the part of thepatient as to risk taking, etc., and fears that are generated are dealt with in sessions. A goal is eventually to shed the past by emphasizing the present andthe future. Self-fulfillment is considered of primary importance.BA hypothesized dimension of personality with two theoretical poles, extraversion and introversion. Originally the dimension was entertained as reflecting two unitary personality types that were presumed opposites of each other. Today most theorists doubt that either exists as a singular type, and instead regard both as collections of a number of differentpatterns of behavior. Moreover, it also seems unlikely that the two poles can be validly regarded as opposites since many increase in their display of behaviors reflective of one pole, without necessarily diminishing the display of behaviors reflective of the other. See Introversion.2BA term generally used to refer to the mental process of imagining objects, symbols, or events not immediately present. However, it is also used to refer to the symbol or image itself. In general, fantasy is assumed to be normal, even indicative of psychological stability and health. It is usuallypleasant, often whimsical, and frequently creative. The pathological aspects that are often cited are restricted to when the fantasy becomes delusionary or when it dominates a person's mental life and serves as a retreat from reality rather than an adjunct to it.EBOne who takes the place and hence the role of the real father. It may be used with either of two connotations: (a) The sense that the person has taken over the full complement of functions of the real father who was replaced; e.g., a stepfather or a foster father. (b) The sense that theindividual fulfills psychologically important functions, usually that of becoming the male adult with whom one identifies. As the word figure in the term connotes, meaning (b) is the dominant one and indeed may be what isintended even when the father figure is in the role described in (a).>AAn excessive focusing of emotional attachment to the father. The term implies a rigid focusing, so that there is difficulty in shifting affective attention away from the father to other more socially accepted persons. The equivalent process centered on the female parent is called, notsurprisingly, mother fixation. Fq||mEgo0e?Ego Development0fu Ego Ideal0  @A notion of positive ideals one would like to be or accomplish.Electra Complex0See Oedipus complex.Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)0 gElectroencephalogram (EEG)0h_Encounter Group0iErikson, Erick H. (b.1902)0jEros0The Greek god of love. In Freudian theory, Eros refers to the whole complex of life-preservative instincts. Included among them, of course, are the sexual instincts. See Thanatos.EST0k"Existential Psychology and Therapy0#"lExtraversion-Introversion0mFamily Therapy0YA generic term for a variety of therapeutic approaches to treating the family as a unit.Fantasy0n2 Father Figure0 oEFather Fixation0p>AA cluster of abnormal developmental features of a foetus resulting from severe alcoholism in the mother. The high level of alcohol in the blood combined with a generally reduced level of normal nutrients can produce any (or all) of a number of anatomic and psychological deficits including growth deficiencies, learning disabilities, mental retardation, hyperactivity, heart murmurs, and skeletal malformations.+BGenerally a fetish is an object of blind devotion or reverence. Fetishism thus connotes a kind of religious activity that emphasizes the worship of inanimate objects believed to have magical or transcendent powers. A paraphilia (a mode of sexual expressions) characterized by obtaining sexualarousal and satisfaction with some object or some part of the body not directly erogenous. Fetishes are usually articles used by others, often but not alwaysof the opposite sex (shoes, gloves, handkerchiefs), or parts of the body (hair, feet). See Paraphilia.TBAs derived from classical psychoanalytic theory (Freudiantheory), the process whereby one becomes excessively attached to (or fixated on) some object or person that was appropriate for an earlier stage of development. This condition is assumed to produce a variety of neuroticbehaviors, such as excessive or irrational attachments to people or objects and an inability to form normal, mature relationships. Within the psychoanalyticframe of reference the full term is often (usually) shortened to fixation. Within such contexts modifiers are often used, e.g., father fixation, oral fixation.kAAny minor slipup or error; most typically observed in speech,writing, small accidents, memory lapses, etc. According to Freud, these were no mere innocent gestures but the result of the operations of unconscious wishes or conflicts that could often be used to reveal the functioning of the unconscious in the normal healthy individual. Also known as parapraxis.KAFuture shock A term coined by Toffler as a way of expressing the view that we in Western society are becoming overloaded, in terms of what we can process.The shock produced by the rapid changes in social structures, social values, and consumer products is so great that, Toffler argued, many persons simplycannot cope or adapt. AA psychiatric label for those disorders characterizedby a sense of inappropriateness and attendant discomfort concerning one's sex anatomy and one's sex role. Usually included in this category are transvestism and transsexualism. See Transvestism; Transsexualism.AA subclass of anxiety disorders characterized by persistent free floating anxiety and a host of unspecific reactions such astrembling, tension, sweating, lightheadedness, feelings of apprehension and irritability. Also called, simply, anxiety reaction. See Anxiety, free-floating.B|?Foetal Alcholic Syndrome (FAS)0r Fetishism0  s+Fixation, Affective0tTFreud, Sigmund (1856-1939)0u  Freudian Slip0 vk Future Shock0  wKGender-Identity Disorder0x Generalized Anxiety Disorder0yIThe Viennese neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis whose early works (i.e., General Introduction to Psychoanalysis)explored his initial theories regarding the unconscious, dreams, hysteria, sex, and the libido, for all of which he was roundly ostracized. The ban of Freud's methods and thinking lasted until 1908, when the first International Congress of Psychoanalysis convened, and thereafter analysis and the therapeutic exploration of the mind eventually became an accepted and occasionally even arevered form of medical practice. As conceived by Freud, psychoanalysis is a psychological method that seeks the basis for human behavior and motivation inthe unconscious mind. Analysis begins with the libido, defined as sexual energy, as it passes in development through all forms of love and into the individual's overall adjustment to life. The earliest libidinous stage istermed the oral stage, in which pleasure is sought at the primal levels of sucking, chewing, etc., followed by the anal and genital stages, in which the satisfactions obtained from bowel excretion are followed by the pleasures ofearly masturbation. Eventually, Oedipal and Electra complexes develop in the child's relationship to the parent, and when these are of necessity thwarted, the child becomes more of a social animal, which marks the beginning of the end of the infantile period and the start of puberty. Freud traces the workings of the mind on three levels: conscious, unconscious, and subconscious. The libidoand all repressed memories reside in the unconscious, considered the most important level. The personality rises from the unconscious, developing fromthe id, or the animalistic aspect of the child. The ego develops from the id and is seen as the facet of the personality that seeks to gratify the id while dealing with reality. The superego (which could be termed the Freudianconscience) is the part of the personality that places prohibition and restrictions on the individual and endeavors to curtail the activity of the lustier id by its mediator, the ego. Freud believed that neuroses occur whenthe ego breaks down through a struggle with the id and through harboring repression. The ego weakens and no longer has sufficient energy to deal withreality. Freudian psychology seeks to release the energies of the ego by uncovering and overcoming repressions so that the individual can live a morehealthy and complete life. Free association and dream interpretation are two psychoanalytic means to achieve this desired end.ICLoosely used, the term refers to the highest level of intellectual orcreative functioning or to a person possessing such capabilities. Although there have been several efforts at giving an explicit definition (e.g., at one time an IQ of 140 or over was used), such attempts provide only illusory objectivity. Unfortunately (or fortunately) there does not appear to be a clear set of attributes that defines genius; all behaviors, including the intellectual and creative, are subject to a variety of noncognitive factors, such as motivation, temperament, emotion, and the demand characteristics of the environment, and people who display genius in one setting do not necessarily display it in others. Furthermore, the common language has played such havocwith the term that its usefulness is now suspect even in the most technicalcontext.B <Alcohol Amp TAntianxietJBehaviour Child Abus@uDefense MeDiagnostic OFather Fix0k Hypnothera Inhibition Learning D ? Nervous Br Piaget, Je0[Reality-TeSkinner, B* Tourette SB0DipsomaniaDirective DisorientaDissociatiDown's SynDreamDream AnalDream ContDream SymbDrug InterDysfunctioDyslexiaEating DisEclecticEducable M@EgoAEgo DeveloBEgo IdealCElectra CoDElectroconEElectroencFEncounter GErikson, EHErosIESTJExistentiaKExtraversiLFamily TheMFantasyNFather FigOFather FixB vDeliriumwDelirium TxDelusionyDelusions zDelusions {Dementia|Dementia, Dependant }Dependence~DependenceDependencyDepersonalDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressiveDepressiveDevelopmenDewey, JohDiagnosticDepressionDepressionDepressiveDepressiveDevelopmenDewey, JohDiagnosticBUAntidepresVAntipsychoWAntisocialXAnxietyZAnxiety NeYAnxiety, F0Anxiety, T0Anxiety-Re0Aphasia0Apoplexy0Applied Ps0Archetype0Asexual0Asocial0Assertiven0Associatio0Asthma0Attention @AuraAAutismBAutomatic CAutosuggesDAversion TEAvoidant-PFBabinski RGBarbituratHBarbituratMBeastialitLBehavior TIBehaviorisJBehaviour `AA subdiscipline of psychology concerned with theinvestigation of the behavior of various species of animals by drawing comparisons (similarities and distinctions) between them. The approach draws onother areas in psychology, such as learning theory, and on other disciplines, including ethology, physiology, genetics and zoology. See Lorenz, Konrad.BChronic BrClaustrophClient-CenClinical PCodependenCold TurkeCollectiveComparativCompulsionConditioniCongenitalConsciousnControl GrConversionpCountertraqCranial NerCraniumsCriminal PtCyclothymiuDefense MeuDefense MeuDefense MeuDefense MeuDefense MeB@NBinet, AlfOBiofeedbacBiorhythmsBipolar DiBisexualBody LanguBook AntiqBook AntiqBorderlineBrain LesiBulimiaCaffeinismCastrationCatatoniaCatharsisCerebellumCerebrumChild AbusClient-CenClinical PCodependenCold TurkeCollectiveCompulsionConditioniCongenitalConsciousnControl GrConversionpCountertraqCranial NeAOriginally, a facility for persons released from institutions (mental, penal, drug-and alcohol-related) designed to ease the transition back into the community. Many such facilities function more broadly, however. Rather than being only halfway out houses they may also serve as semiprotectiveenvironments for those halfway in persons who can still function productively in the community but need a supportive caring shelter.@GwY#Chronic Brain Disorder (or Sydrome)0$#<AClaustrophobia0Fear of closed spaces.Client-Centred Therapy0=lClinical Psychology0> Codependency0  ?| Cold Turkey0  @dCollective Unconscious0A Comparative Psychology0B` Compulsion0  Co Conditioning0  DnN ~ Congenital0  Present at birth. Note that the term is not necessarily synonymous with innate or hereditary. A congenital condition may be due to factors other than heredity, e.g., retardation produced by the mother's contracting German measles early in pregnancy..C Consciousness0 E Control Group0 A group in an experiment that is as closely matched as possibleto the experimental group except that it is not exposed to the independent variable(s) under investigation.Conversion Disorder0A disorder in which an individual's psychic conflict is exhibited in somatic form whereby the physical symptoms will appear to have superficial causes with no true organic source.2AA very general term used to cover any psychotherapeutic process in which groups of individuals meet together with or without a therapist/leader. The interactions among the members of the group are assumed to be therapeutic and in many cases to be more effective than the traditionalclient-therapist diad.CA perceptual experience with all the compelling subjective properties of a real sensory impression but without the normal physical stimulus for that sensory modality. Hallucinations are taken as classic indicators of a psychotic disturbance and are a hallmark of various disorders like schizophrenia. Hence, the term is not usually applied to a variety ofother false perceptions that occur normally, like the images that often accompany the transition from waking to sleeping (hypnagogic) or those thatoccur when first awakening (hypnopompic) or those that occasionally accompanyvivid religious experiences. In actual usage the term is generally modified so that the particular modality involved is specified, e.g., auditory hallucination, tactile hallucination. Distinguish from Delusion. AA label for a parent or guardian who has physically orpsychologically mistreated or neglected a child. Research has not identified any common characteristics of these individuals other than they were likely to have been abused themselves as children. See Child abuse.zAA personality disorder usually characterized by immaturity, self-centeredness, attention getting, manipulativeness, and, quite often, a vague seductiveness. Such persons are overly dramatic, reactive and intense in their interpersonal relationships, and frequently play out classic roles like princess or victim. Also called, especially in older texts, hysterical personality. CGestalt psychology (the term Gestalt was originated by Charles von Ehrenfels in 1890) is a school of thinking that contends that the psychological makeup of an individual is based on the unity and wholeness of behavior combined with experience. Limited analytic judgmentsare permitted, but not to the detriment of the entire organism, i.e., as long as they do not fragment or break down the unity of the personality. Gestalttherapy is associated with the work of Frederick (Fritz) Perls, based loosely on concepts of unity and wholeness. Treatment (usually in groups) focuses onattempts to broaden the awareness of self by using past experiences, memories, emotional states, bodily sensations, etc. -- everything that could contributeto the totality of meaningful awareness.[AEither a rather irrational, impulsive display of temperament in children or adults, or a display of feeling and emotion that has previously been inhibited. Here the term is used with a positive connotation, in that self-expression is regarded as healthy and therapeutic, particularly to a doctor,observing the manifestations of emotional illness.AWhen from the Latin root of homo, fear of man. When from the Greek root, an irrational fear of homosexuality. The term is used in this sense rather broadly and may refer to (a) fear of one's homosexual tendencies or feelings, (b) fear of homosexual persons, or (c) a general undifferentiated fear of homosexuality. Strictly speaking it applies to females or males, although there is a tendency to use it only for men. Androphobia is fear of manor the male sex.QEThe term is used rather generally to refer to sexual contact between persons of the same gender. This contact may be fleeting, nonorgasmic, and occasional or it may represent an individual's dominant (if not exclusive) mode of sexual expression. In a very real sense, then, the term may be found in the psychological literature covering persons ranging fromthose who have had one or two half-hearted experiences to those for whom heterosexual contacts have been nonexistent. Comprehensive surveys suggest that perhaps 40 percent of the population have had at least one homosexual experience leading to orgasm whereas perhaps 5 to 10 percent of the sexually active population is exclusively homosexual. There has historically been a strong antisocial bias against the homosexual, as evidenced by the inclusion,until the 1980 edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, of homosexuality in the compendium of mentalillnesses. The more recent, enlightened perspective tends to regard it simply as a particular manifestation of sexual preference, without entailing anyclinical judgment. Note that there is a tendency in popular literature and even in some technical writings to reserve the word homosexual for a male and to use lesbian for a female. The term gay has become common as a general and inclusive label.CA German psychiatrist who came to the United States in 1932 and was associate director of the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis before going on to be a lecturer at the New School for Social Research in New York and dean of the American Institute for Psychoanalysis. As a neo-Freudian, Horney laid stress on culture and environment rather than biology as the initiators of neuroses. She defined anxiety as any person or thing that blocked an individual's means of gaining security. In a neurotic state a person will hold firmly to the safety devices he or she has created, and although this adherence will serve as a protection in some ways, it will also render one bothhelpless and vulnerable in other areas. Horney's psychoanalytic theories are well defined and described in her works, some of which are The Neurotic Personality of Our Time (1936), Self-Analysis (1942), and Neurosis and Human Growth (1950).BLiterally, excessive memory. Hence: a characteristic of someidiots savants in which there is an extraordinary ability to recall names, dates, places, etc. An extremely detailed recollection of a particular past experience. It is observed occasionally in the manic phase of bipolar disorders, during hypnosis, and during certain neurosurgical procedures. There are questions as to whether these experiences ought to be classified as true memory phenomena in that the conditions under which they occur make it nearly impossible to determine whether they are real hypermnesic effects or merelyelaborations of events. See Idiot savant; Manic episode.BDqX Hyperkinesis0  Excessive and inappropriate motor activity, extreme restlessness;usually accompanied by poor attention span and impulsivity. See Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Hyperactivity0 [Vigorous, inappropriate motor activity. See Attention DeficitHyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Hydrophobia0  Fear of water; rabies. Hyperorexia0  /Excessive appetite. Contrast Anorexia nervosa. (Book Antiqua (Book Antiquad$Book Antiqua@BLiterally, any departure from the norm or the normal. The term islargely used to denote deviant behavior patterns in individuals. Although this latter reference has been the dominant one in psychology for a long time, there has been some reluctance recently on the part of clinicians to use it. For example, within classical psychoanalysis, homosexuality is classified as abnormal; within a social learning theory analysis it is not. Also, Einstein would of necessity be called abnormal. The years have layered onto this termtoo many value judgments; any of a number of synonyms are preferable -- maladaptive, maladjusted, deviant, dysfunctional, etc.BAny psychological or physiological overdependence of an organism on a drug. Originally the term was used only for physiological dependencies in which the drug had altered the biochemistry of the individual such that continued doses (often of increasing size; See Tolerance, drug) were required, as is the case with drug opiates and alcohol. However, the line between the purely physiological addiction and the psychological dependence is far from clear. The confusion led the World Health Organization to recommend recently that the term dependence be used, with proper qualifiers when drugs areinvolved. See Methadone; Withdrawal; Dependence, physiological; Dependence,psychological.BAlcohol IdAlcohol WiAlcohol Wi>Alcoholic Alcoholic AlienationAlzheimersAmnesiaAmphetaminAnalysisAndrogynyPAngerQAngstRAnimaSAnorexia NTAntianxietBp * Aberration& Abnormal( Abusing Pa+ Acarophobi' Accident P/ Achievemen. Acting Out` Acute Brai- Addiction0Adler, Alf2Affective 4Affective 6Aggression8Agoraphobi:Alcohol Ab<Alcohol Am<Alcohol Am<Alcohol Am>Alcoholic Alcoholic AlienationAlzheimersAmnesiaAmphetaminAnalysisAndrogynyPAngerQAngstRAnimaSAnorexia NTAntianxietD A general label covering the vast array of presumably therapeutic techniques, such as encounter groups, sensitivity training, andassertiveness training. Actually, the number of different theories, techniques, and orientations that are part of this essentially eclectic movement is growingdaily and in unpredictable ways. Advocates of the movement See it as the cutting edge of a new humanism; critics view it as largely an irresponsiblecommercial enterprise that preys upon people's vulnerabilities and fears.There have been enough positive results from the use of some of the techniques for a number of them (particularly sensitivity training) to have actually beenintroduced into schools and businesses. However, many authorities are highly critical of the movement as a whole because of its tendency to follow the intuitions of practitioners who tend to accept uncritically the claimed virtues of such disparate approaches as Zen Buddhism, psychodrama, art, dance, poetry,mysticism, yoga, meditation, fasting, acupuncture, rolfing, astrology, or just plain letting it all hang out independent of any coherent theoretical analysis, controlled experimentation, or systematic follow-up on the efficacy of these techniques. The movement, nevertheless, remains strong.QH-%Hedonism0 In psychology proper, the theory that behavior is motivated by approach toward pleasure and avoidance of pain. In ethics, the doctrine that the goal of human conduct ought to be the striving for pleasure and the avoidance of pain.oGenius0zIIFL Kc Heredity-Environment Controversy0! A debate of long standing over the relative contributions of experience (nurture, environment, learning) and inheritance (nature, heredity, genetic predisposition) to the makeup of an organism, especially a human organism. Hallucinogen0  Loosely, any of a large group of psychoactive chemical compounds capable of producing hallucinations, e.g., LSD, mescaline, psilocybin. See also Health and Medicine. Hallucination0  Halfway House0  Group Therapy0 2Gestalt Pyschology and Therapy0 Flooding0 See Implosion therapy.oHistrionic Personality Disorder0 z.zy Homophobia0   Homosexuality0 QHorney, Karen (1885-1952)0 Hostility0  A long-lasting emotional state characterized by enmity toward others and manifested by a desire to harm or inflict pain upon those at whom it is directed. Often distinguished from anger on the grounds that anger is a more intense and momentary reaction. Hypermnesia0  GFew terms in the psychological lexicon are so thoroughly wrapped in mysticism and confusion. The problems arise from the tendency that dates back to the discoverer, Franz Anton Mesmer (1733-1815), to regard the process of hypnotism as one that transports the subject into a separate state of mind.Further complications emerged because the phenomenon attracted a coterie of charlatans, faith healers and, more recently, entertainers, who makeunsubstantiated claims and show a singular reluctance to use proper controls in their work. The present view is that a hypnotic state does exist. It is somewhat less dramatic than often portrayed but does, in general, display the following characteristics: (a) although it superficially resembles a sleep-like state (which is how it got its name), the EEG pattern does not resemble any of the stages of sleep; (b) normal planning functions are reduced -- a hypnotized person tends to wait passively for instructions from the hypnotist; (c) attention becomes highly selective -- the individual may hear only one personto the exclusion of others; (d) role playing is readily accomplished, the hypnotized person frequently becoming quite thoroughly immersed in a suggested role; and (e) post hypnotic suggestion is often observed, frequently a specific amnesia in which the subject cannot recall things he or she has been told to forget.It should be noted that all of these effects are of a kind in that they are also characteristic of a normal person who has voluntarily given up conscious control, a person who evidences extreme suggestibility. Not surprisingly, then, there is a school of thought that argues that there is nothing at all special about this state but that it merely represents an extreme pole on the scale of normal suggestibility.@In the Freudian model of the mind, the primitive, animalistic, instinctual element, the pit of roiling, libidinous energy demanding immediate satisfaction. It is regarded as the deepest component of the psyche, the true unconscious. Entirely self-contained and isolated from the world about it, it is bent on achieving its own aims. The sole governing device here is thepleasure principle, the id being represented as the ultimate hedonist. The task of restraining this single-minded entity is a major part of the ego's function.[BOf all psychiatric disorders hysteria has the longest and most checkered history. Deriving originally from the ancient Greeks it was, until relatively recently, assumed to be solely a dysfunction of women and caused by a wandering uterus (hysteron = uterus). Psychoanalytic theory helped inproviding a more reasonable etiology, but the link between gender and the disorder was not completely severed, males were rarely so diagnosed. Thesymptoms that have been cited most often are hallucinations, somnambulism, paralysis, and dissociation. This has become relatively rare in industrialized societies.B FetishismFixation,  FloodingFoetal AlcFreud, SigFreudian SFuture ShoGender-IdeGeneralize Genius Gestalt Py Group Ther Halfway Ho Hallucinat Hallucinog Hedonism Heredity-E Histrionic Homophobia Homosexual Horney, Ka Hostilityc Human-PoteHydrophobiHyperactivHyperkines HypermnesiHyperorexil Hyperventid Hypnosisk HypnotheralAA relatively small (peanut-sized) but extremely complex structureat the base of the brain that is intimately involved in control of the autonomic nervous system and a variety of functions that are crucially related to survival, including temperature regulation, heart rate, blood pressure,feeding behavior, water intake, emotional behavior, and sexual behavior.AA condition characterized by imagined sufferings of physicalillness or, more generally, an exaggerated concern with one's physical health.The hypochondriac typically displays a preoccupation with bodily functions, such as heart rate, sweating, bowel and bladder functions, and the occasionalminor problems like pimples, headaches, a simple cough, etc. All such trivialities are interpreted as signs of symptoms of more serious diseases.Doctor shopping is common; assurances of health are futile.AA procedure in which an individual in inundated with experiences in order to develop an aversion to an unwanted habit (e.g., continuously smoking cigarettes until the thought or sight of a cigarette makes one feel sick) or to extinguish the disabling anxiety associated with a phobia (e.g., a person who fears snakes is continuously presented with the feared stimulus until it no longer elicits anxiety). This procedure is also called flooding.AIdiot savant From the French meaning knowledgeable idiot. The incongruity of the term characterizes the incongruity of the syndrome. An idiot savant is one whose overall mental capabilities are quite limited (occasionally to the pointof requiring institutionalization) but who possesses some extraordinary talent,such as a computerlike ability to perform arithmetic calculations or a seemingly limitless memory for names or dates. See Hypermnesia.?EOver the years almost every conceivable form of doing, believing, acting, reacting, hoping, touching, fighting, loving, moving, emoting, provoking, etc., ad nauseam, has been turned into some form of psychotherapy -- this term acts as an umbrella for them all. A few of thesehave shown their worth in controlled settings and with proper evaluation andfollow-up of cases (e.g., sex therapy); others serve mainly as sources of income for therapists and as something new to try for people who drift psychically about looking for someone somewhere to inject some meaning intotheir lives. Some of the more exotic forms extant (as of this writing anyway, most are shortlived) are body therapy, poetry therapy, encouragement therapy, rebirthing therapy, and imagination therapy. One hardly knows what to make ofthese. There are essentially no attempts made to validate the techniques used, no basis for determining success or lack of it, and, most damning, no reasonable theoretical basis for assuming that any of them ought to work --short of plain old common sense. After all, poetry is certainly a good thing, and reading, writing and understanding poetry would probably have therapeuticvalue for anyone. Psychology as a pure and applied science is certainly not served well by what has been called this southern Californiaizing of society.AA class of disorders all marked by failure to resist an impulse or temptation to engage in some act that ultimately proves harmful to oneself. Generally included here are pathological gambling, kleptomania, and pyromania. Typically, the individual feels a highly increased sense of tensionprior to the act and a pleasurable, gratifying feeling afterward. Guilt may or may not be experienced following the act.QAAs originally coined by Adler, the term described a collection of repressed fears stemming from organ or bodily inferiority thatgave rise to feelings, attitudes, and ideas of a more general inferiority.Popular usage has badly mangled the original sense by using the term to refer to any sense of inadequacy or feelings of inferiority.AForgetting due to repression. Here the notion of intentional is compromised somewhat in that it usually carries the connotationof awareness, whereas repression denotes an unconscious process. Also, directed forgetting, forgetting of material following instructions to do so. This is atouchy issue; it evokes images of the old joke about instructing someone not to think about pigmy elephants.HDAn age-related measure of intelligence level. It is sometimes defined as 100 times the mental age (MA, determined by a standardized test) divided by the chronological age (CA). Note that this procedure establishes the average as 100. Nearly always abbreviated as IQ. Some problems were encountered with the above method of determining IQ, and most modern testsuse a Deviation IQ. This procedure obtains an IQ by statistical comparison. Theindividual's test performance is compared with scores of other individuals the same age and an IQ is derived. The approximate ranges of intelligence are: VerySuperior (IQ of 130 and above), Superior (IQ between 120 and 129), High Average (IQ between 110 and 119), Average (IQ between 90 and 109), Low Average (IQ between 80 and 89), Borderline (IQ between 70 and 79), Mild Mental Retardation(IQ between 50 and 69), Moderate Mental Retardation (IQ between 35 and 49), Severe Mental Retardation (IQ between 20 and 34) and Profound MentalRetardation (IQ below 20). See Wechsler Intelligence Scales; Educable mentally retarded; Mental retardation; Genius.BA term with a tortured history indeed. The root is Latin, instinctus meaning to instigate or impel, with the implication that such impulses are natural or innate. There are four general, distinguishable meanings of theterms: (a) an unlearned response characteristic of the members of a given species, (b) a tendency or disposition to respond in a particular manner that is characteristic of a particular species, (c) a complex, set of acts found within a given species that emerges under specific stimulus conditions, and (d) any of a number of unlearned, inherited tendencies that are motivational forces behind complex human behaviors. This sense, of course, is that expressed by classical psychoanalysis.IAA turning inward. Used in personality theory to refer to the tendency to shrink from social contacts and become preoccupied with one's own thoughts. Although presumably a normal characteristic, there are many who believe that extreme forms of introversion border on the pathological, e.g., autism. See Extraversion-introversion.EThe Swiss psychologist whose renown has challenged Freud, with whom he broke ties in 1913 after severe disagreements about the nature of the libido and the unconscious. The movement known as analytical psychology, founded by Jung, defines the libido as the primal life urge, notnecessarily wholly aligned with the sexual drive, as espoused by Freud. Jung saw the psychological energy process translated by symbols that arise from the unconscious, some of which (the archetypes) are evidence of the collectiveunconscious of man. That is, the inherited inner visions of myth and symbol that extend back to the beginning of time. These archetypes are universal(i.e., the Mother, the Shadow, the Hero, and the Cross) and Jung could trace their patterns through the world of art and literature, where human repressionsare exhibited by the unconscious working through the creatively conscious mind. Like Freud, Jung used free association and dream interpretation in his analysis: however, unlike Freud, he did not stress the role of the past as anexplanation for disturbances of the psyche, but rather he used dreams as a tool to understand the present and as evidence of a precognitive future. Jung sought the individuation of the psyche, which means the integration and balance of the individual parts of the mind to create a healthy adjustment to the world and to the self. He believed that for a person to be whole and fulfilled, a harmon between the conscious and the unconscious (a delicate balance) must be achieved.AA disorder characterized by recurrent inability to resist impulses to steal. A defining feature of the disorder is that there is no immediate need or use for what is stolen. Typically there is little or no planning involved, merely a sudden, acute impulse that is acted on.Jm%5ܠ! Idiot Savant0   Inhibition0  From the Latin for restraint. Hence, very generally, the restraining, preventing, repressing, or prohibiting of any process. In psychoanalysis, the control of instinctual id (primitive impulses) impulses by the action of the superego.Identity Crisis0An acute loss of the sense of one's identity, a lack of the normal feeling that one has historical continuity, that the person here today is phenomenologically the same as the one here yesterday.Impulse-Control Disorder0Inferiority Complex0QInferiority Feelings0Loosely, any attitudes toward oneself that are critical and generally negative. Strictly speaking, this is the term that should be used in popular discourse when, for example, someone claims to have an inferiority complex. Inkblot Test0  A generic term used for any of the several projective tests that use inkblots. The most widely used is, of course, the Rorschach test. See Rorschach test.Incest Survivor0An individual who has been sexually abused by a close relative. This term is used as an alternative to the term victim in order to eliminate connotations of helplessness and promote active healing.Incest0SSexual relations between close relatives such as parents and children or siblings.Illusion0 2Distorted perception of a real physical stimulus.Intelligence Quotient0HInstinct0 Intentional Forgetting0Intellectualization0A defense mechanism whereby problems are analyzed in remote, intellectual terms while emotion, affect, and feelings are ignored.oJung, Carl (1875-1961)0S@o Introversion0  I.IlBA mode of understanding or knowing characterized as direct and immediate and occurring without conscious thought or judgment. There are two distinct connotations that often accompany this term: (a) that the process is unmediated and somehow mystical; (b) that it is a response to subtle cues andrelationships apprehended implicitly, unconsciously. The former borders on the unscientific and is not recommended, although it is certainly common enough in the nontechnical literature; the latter hints at a number of difficult but fascinating problems in the study of human behavior in the presence of complex situations.CGenerally, separateness, apartness. In psychoanalysis, a defensemechanism that operates unconsciously and functions by severing the conscious psychological ties between some unacceptable act or impulse and its original memory source. In this sense, the original experience is not forgotten but it is separated from the affect originally associated with it. The classicaltheory views this mechanism as a common one in obsessional neuroses. In Jung's terms, a feeling of psychological estrangement from others. Also called psychic isolation, Jung argued that it derived from deep secrets, originally from thecollective unconscious, which one feels must be kept from others. Inexistential psychology, isolation is akin to alienation, a feeling of being separate in an absurd universe.BA philosopher and psychologist, James established the first psychology laboratory in America. In the field of psychology, he is best known for his work, Principals of Psychology (1890), and his stream-of consciousness belief that mentality must be seen as an ongoing process, and not fragmented into bits of consciousness. James held that an emotion is evidenced by the internal conflict that arises from a person's reaction to a particular emotional situation. Out of this theory grew his legendary argument that a man meeting a bear in the woods does not run because he is afraid, but rather is afraid because he runs. It is the running itself that initiates the visceral reaction of fear, which produces the emotion. BA syndrome in which individuals of average or above average intelligence do not learn the way most people learn and experience difficulty learning specific skills or academic areas. It usually results from lags in the development of skills or abilities necessary for learning. Learningdisabilities are more common in males than females and cover a wide range of learning problems. Sometimes they affect reading (dyslexia), writing (dysgraphia) or math (dyscalculia). This syndrome is often abbreviated as LD.See Dyslexia.BIn psychoanalysis, the hypothesized mental energy that, being derived from the id, is most fundamentally sexual. Freud, who introduced the term, considerably modified his usage of it in his later works so that the purely sexual component became less prominent and it took on a meaning closer to life energy. Within the larger scope of psychoanalysis these later modifications never dominated thinking to the extent that the early theory did, the libidoitself has tended to retain its strongly sexual connotations. It is frequently taken simply to represent any sexual or erotic desire or pleasure, or anypsychic energy independent of sexuality.AAn Austrian zoologist who gained fame through his study of animal and human behavior by the method of comparative zoology. Lorenz traced behavioral patterns on an evolutionary continuum, and his later work on aggression was highly esteemed because of the understanding it lent to theeruption of violence in cities and, on a more universal scale, because of its application to the prevention of war.AThe belief that thinking is equated with doing. Seen in children as a normal stage of development during which they believe that their thoughts and hopes are the cause of events happening about them. Also observed in adults in a variety of psychiatric disorders.ALoosely and nontechnically, madness, violent, erratic behavior. Also, mood disorder characterized by a variety of symptoms including inappropriate elation, extreme motor activity, impulsiveness, and excessively rapid thought and speech. It is a component of bipolar disorder.@A neurological disorder characterized, in mild form, byinvoluntary tics and movements and, in advanced cases, by large involuntary bodily movements, noises like barks and whistles, and in instances, an uncontrollable urge to utter obscenities. See Tic disorder.adness, violent, erratic behavior. Also, mood disorder characterized by a variety of symptoms including inappropriate elation, extreme motor activity, impulsiveness, and excessively rapid thought and speech. It is a component of bipolar disorder.BUsually classified as antipsychotics containing the element lithium compounds are used primarily in the treatment of bipolar disorders, particularly the manic aspect. Lithium's manner of action in the body is unknown. It does, however, compete with the sodium salts and changes thecomposition of body fluids. It can also be toxic and dosage must be carefully controlled by taking lithium blood levels. Note that some authorities classifythe lithium salts with the antidepressants. See Bipolar disorder; Tranquilizers, major.{BA surgical procedure severing a portion of the brain. The original operation was developed by A.E. Moniz in the 1930s and was so heralded as a psychosurgical procedure for severe psychological disorders that he received the Nobel Prize for his work. With the accumulation of data from tens of thousands of lobotomies the general conclusion is that the procedure does not work. Whatever beneficial results may occasionally be obtained must be balanced against the negative side effects of apathy, insensitivity, impairedjudgment, and seizures, all of which are irreversible. Recent years have fortunately witnessed its gradual demise.A A personality disorder characterized by patterns of grandiosity, a need for attention and admiration, preoccupation with success and power, lack of empathy, interpersonal exploitivity, sense of entitlement, and hypersensitivity to the criticism of others.er.PAA synthetic narcotic that blocks the effects of other narcotics. It is used for the treatment of heroin addiction in what are called methadone maintenance programs. However, methadone itself produces a drug dependence of the morphine type and withdrawal from it is just as traumatic as withdrawal from any other opiates. See Addiction.AThe contemporary term of choice as the umbrella label for all forms of below-average intellectual functioning as assessed by a standard IQ test. The classification system currently in use in the United States specifies four levels: mild (approximate IQ range of 50-69), moderate (35-49), severe (20-34), and profound (below 20). See Educable mentally retarded; Intelligence quotient.BAn American psychologist who veered away from psychoanalysis and behaviorism to stress the element of humanism in psychology, a force that addresses itself to self-realization and the exalted motives that seek knowledge and aesthetics. Maslow downgraded feelings of isolation and alienation and sought to replace them with a joyous and nonconformist attitudetoward life, coupled withmysticism and a spirit of creativity. When a person is able to experience such peak attitudes, he or she is in the midst of an awakening that is first awesome and then becomes conducive of the living of ahealthy and happy life. Such an awakening may take place in the near frenzy of creation or it may be a part of a meditative or contemplative life.FI==o Intuition0  lM(D?O Isolation0  oJames, William (1842-1910)0.KJocasta Complex0Jocasta was the mother and wife of Oedipus, and in keeping with psychoanalytic tradition the term stands for the mother's role in the playing out of the Oedipus complex. Kleptomania0  Learning Disability0 Libido0Lorenz, Konrad (b.1903)0Magical Thinking0oLithium (Salts)0DXIoLobotomy, Prefrontal0{?s5Latent0KExisting in hidden form, dormant but capable of being evoked or developed.Mania0 Methadone0  PMental Retardation0Maslow, Abraham H. (1908-1970)0AAmerican psychiatrist who, with his brother William Claire (1899-1966), founded the Menninger Foundation (1941) in Topeka, Kansas, for the purpose of research and training and to educate the public in the field of psychology. The foundation soon became the key psychiatric center of the United States and functioned not only as a mental hospital, but also as the largest psychiatric training school in this country.5AA group of symptoms, including stunted physical growth and retarded emotional development, associated with infants who have been deprived of handling and nurturing. Interestingly, the syndrome also emerges with species other than humans and has been documented in severalmammals, including monkeys and mice.BThe term derives from the name of the Austrian novelist, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1835-1895), and refers most broadly to any tendency to direct that which is destructive, painful, or humiliating against oneself. Special uses abound: Sexual masochism is used when erotic pleasure is associated with the treatment; moral masochism is used when the person seeks to alleviate guilt by subjecting himself or herself to continuous punishment; psychic masochism is used for any kind of hostility or destructive impulse tuned upon oneself, a usage that is very general; mass masochism refers to whole populations subjecting themselves to pain and hardship.fACollective behavior of a mass without any obvious direct or personal communication or mutual influencing of the individuals making up the mass. Fads and fashions, dress styles, political movements, etc., are examples.The assumption is that mass communication systems are the channels through which the societal influences occur. Also called mass contagion.AA general label for various Wechsler tests of intelligence. All of the Wechsler scales are individually administered tests.The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale -- Revised (WAIS-R) is for adults. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children -- Third Edition (WISC-III) is used with children 6 to 16 yeas of age, and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence -- Revised (WPPSI-R) is designed to be used with children below the age of 6. See Intelligence quotient.CConsidered by some to be the founder of modern psychology, Wundt was the leader of the school of structuralism, whichcontended that psychology is human experience studied from the point of view of the person doing the experiencing. Introspection and self-exploration are stressed. Structuralists in general believed in the separation of mind and body, without interaction, but conceived of in such a way that a parallelstructure is formed: For each conscious experience of the mind, a corresponding reaction occurs in the body. It must be remembered that the mind does not cause physical reactions any more than the body alters states of consciousness.Between 1890 and 1920 in the United States, structuralism was the dominant school of psychological thought, eventually replaced because of its narrowperspective by functionalism and behaviorism in America and Gestalt psychology in Germany.BA pattern of behavior characterized by the person removing him or herself from normal day-to-day functioning, with all of its attendant frustrations, tensions, and disappointments. Here the sense is of neurotic removal of self from normal social discourse, accompanied by uncooperativeness, irresponsibility, and often a reliance on drugs and alcohol to facilitate this social remoteness. Pertaining to drug or alcohol usage, a general term covering any of the effects or symptoms observed when the administering of a substance upon which one has become dependent is discontinued. See Addiction; Alcohol withdrawal; Alcohol withdrawal delirium; Barbiturate withdrawal; Cold turkey; Delirium tremens.AIn psychoanalysis, a complex process whereby id impulses are satisfied and, as a result, psychic tension is reduced. In the classical Freudian conception, dreams are vehicles for the action of the wish fulfillment. In dreaming, for example, the primal id fails to distinguish between fantasies, images, or hallucinations and reality and so the dreamer may represent as fulfilled in symbolic form wishes that would have otherwisedisrupted sleep because of their unacceptability.hCMost generally, the passing on, displacing, or transferring of an emotion or affective attitude from one person onto another person or object. Within psychoanalysis, the displacement of feelings and attitudes applicable toward other persons (usually one's parents but also siblings, a spouse, etc.)onto the analyst. Transference here is often termed either positive or negative, depending upon whether the person develops pleasant or hostileattitudes toward the analyst. Its conspicuousness in psychoanalysis, they argue, is attributable simply to the calculated neutrality of the analyst, which allows it to be more unambiguously observed. Freud believed the transference mechanism to be of the highest importance in a successfulanalysis; however, he died before he had reached any conclusions on how to terminate a positive transference between doctor and patient.zHE9Em$Menninger, Karl Augustus (1893-1990)0%$Maternal-Deprivation Syndrome05Memory, Racial0A hypothesized storehouse of memories, feelings, ideas, etc., that, according to Carl Jung, we have inherited from our ancestral past. Racial memory in Jung's theory is a part of the collective unconscious. Masochism0   Melancholia0  From the classic Greek for black bile. Today the term refers to a pronounced depression with feelings of foreboding and a general insensitivity to stimulation..B^o Mass Behavior0 fH<NP Megalomania0  pAn exaggerated self-evaluation or sense of self-worth. A common component in narcissistic personality disorder. Manic Episode0 A distinct period during which the predominant mood is mania. Characterized by grandiose explosions of feelings and actions. See Bipolar disorder; Hypermnesia.Manic-Depressive0See Bipolar disorder.Wechsler Intelligence Scales0Wundt, Wilhelm (1832-1920)0o Withdrawal0  7Wish Fulfillment0 Will to Power0 ZAdler's term for the desire to dominate others or the striving for superiority over them. Xenophobia0  4A pathological fear of strangers or strange places. Transference0  hBWatson, an American psychologist in favor of militant behaviorism, saw psychology as the science of behavior. He believed human responses could be predicted by (a) observation, (b) conditioned reflexes, (c) verbal methods, and (d) testing. His studies of children and animals were innovative because structuralists and behaviorists had virtuallyneglected these two groups. He worked on the conditioning of childhood fears, and his advances with animals opened the way to the development of comparativepsychology. See Behaviorism.AAA form of psychotherapy originally developed by Eric Berne. It is practiced in a straightforward group setting in which the primary goal is to have the client achieve an adaptive, mature, and realistic attitude toward life, to have, in Berne's words, the adult ego maintain hegemony [authority] over the impulsive child.AA condition characterized primarily by a belief that one is of the wrong sex. Several criteria have been proposed for identifying the true transsexual: (a) discomfort with one's sexual anatomy; (b) a persistent, deep desire to be a member of the opposite sex; (c) a wish to change one's genitalia; and (d) absence of other psychological disorders or geneticanatomical abnormalities such as hermaphroditism. See Gender-identity disorder.AA paraphilia characterized by a pattern of sexual behavior in which one's preferred means of sexual arousal is the clandestine observing of otherswhen they are disrobing, nude or actually engaged in sexual activity.Interestingly, a voyeur does not usually derive pleasure from striptease shows, public nudity, or pornography; arousal is dependent upon the observed person(s) not being aware of their being observed. See Paraphilia.BA state characterized by a lack of awareness. In psychoanalysis, adomain of the psyche encompassing the repressed id functions, the primitive impulses and desires, the memories, images, and wishes that are too anxiety provoking to be accepted into consciousness. Characterizing these primordial, repressed desires, memories and images. Note that the unconscious is assumed to be populated by two varieties of psychic entities, those that were once conscious but had been exiled from awareness and those that were never in consciousness.BA condition marked by a persistent desire to dress in the clothes generally regarded by society as appropriate to the other sex. Considered a gender-identity disorder, the label is reserved for those who (a) derive sexual pleasure from such cross-dressing and (b) have no desire to change their anatomic sex. Note that male professional entertainers who work as female impersonators may or may not be transvestites; the terms are not synonymous.Note that homosexuality (now considered by the American Psychiatric Associationas an alternate life style, not a condition for therapy) and transvestism are in no way synonymous. See Gender-identity disorder.WBA term used to describe a set of neurological disorders that are characterized by one or more of several forms of tics. Tics are defined as involuntary, sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrythmic motor movements (e.g., eyeblinking, arm movements, head jerking, finger or hand movements, facial twitches) or vocalizations (e.g., grunting, throat clearing). Compulsivebehavior and obsessive thinking may also be part of this disorder. Transient tics are temporary, come and go, and may last only a few weeks or months.Chronic tics are unchanging and may persist for several years. See Tourette syndrome.@ Libido Lithium (S Lobotomy, Lorenz, Ko Magical Th Mania