Standard Jet DBnb` Ugr@?~1y0̝cǟFN7]D^(`T{6Vx߱wCϯ34ay[|*|OJl>`&_Љ$g'DeFx -{VCS           2c   ct    j    O        IdParentIdNameType DateCreate DateUpdateOwnerFlagsDatabaseConnect ForeignName RmtInfoShort RmtInfoLongLvLvPropLvModuleLvExtrasetni E x Id ParentIdName        VC.S     2  ObjectIdSIDACM FInheritablebc ObjectIdVC?S             ObjectId AttributeOrderName1Name2 ExpressionFlagilnzjtz ObjectIdAttribute  VCS            szRelationshipgrbitccolumnicolumnszObjectszColumnszReferencedObjectszReferencedColumn   szObjectszReferencedObjectszRelationship {qg]SI?5@@o{o{@@  @d`w`a`vfvgruov ordxmfvufm`wjrpvijsvufsruwv vbujswv v}vufmw`amfvov}v`bfvov}vordxmfv ov}vordxmfvX ov}vrakfbwvov}vtxfujfvov}vufm`wjrpvijsvsv}birmrh}`~ov}vdao{x @ @   |   {qg]SI?@ j @ @ @ @ @ @ !"#$%&'()*+ ,-  |||  Q]W!yB/?qEy@/?qEy@SysRel''''''''''% /?qEy@/?qEy@Modules((((((((((& /?qEy@/?qEy@Scripts((((((((((& /?qEy@/?qEy@Reports((((((((((& /?qEy@/?qEy@Forms&&&&&&&&&&$ /?qEy@/?qEy@MSysModules,,,,,,,,,,* |nEy@/?qEy@MSysModules2----------+ LjX,y@Y,y@Psychology A-Zl@;;;///////- @T,y@T,y@MSysRelationships22222222220 T,y@T,y@MSysQueries,,,,,,,,,,* T,y@T,y@MSysACEs))))))))))' T,y@T,y@MSysObjects,,,,,,,,,,* T,y@SsjEy@MSysDbE@333'''''''% @T,y@T,y@Relationships.........., T,y@T,y@Databases**********( T,y@T,y@Tables''''''''''% d.yj[L=.CN?0!n_PA=Tۇ O8V#jKbTC`Hhɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKV#jKsu&4`lVzV#jKV#jKV#o @ۇ O8V#jKbTC`Hhɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKV#jKsu&4`lVzV#jKV#jKV#o   ۇ O8V#jKbTC`Hhɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKV#jKsu&4`lVzV#jKV#jKV#o    ۇ O8V#jKbTC`Hhɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKV#jKsu&4`lVzV#jKV#jKV#o    ۇ O8V#jKbTC`Hhɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKV#jKsu&4`lVzV#jKV#jKV#o    ۇ O8V#jKbTC`Hhɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKV#jKsu&4`lVzV#jKV#jKV#o    ۇ O8V#jKbTC`Hhɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKV#jKsu&4`lVzV#jKV#jKV#o  |ۇ O8V#jKbTC`Hhɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKV#jKsu&4`lVzV#jKV#jKV#o ۇ O8V#jKbTC`Hhɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKV#jKsu&4`lVzV#jKV#jKV#o   | |                   VChN   Name:Notes:{q@ @ 9LVALȔOi'j[L=.LjX,y@LjX,y@Psychology A-Z//////////- T,y@T,y@MSysRelationships22222222220 T,y@T,y@MSysQueries,,,,,,,,,,* T,y@T,y@MSysACEs))))))))))' T,y@T,y@MSysObjects,,,,,,,,,,* KKD AccessVersionBuild%  KKD AccessVersionBuild%  07.53 KKD!AllowZeroLengthRequired# Name:  $ Notes:  gLVAL '@ @Either a rather irrational, impulsive display of temperament in children or adults, or a display of feeling and emotion that has previously been inhibited. Here the term is used with a positive connotation, in that self-expression is regarded as healthy and therapeutic, particularly to a doctor,observing the manifestations of emotional illness.Any test designed to evaluate a person's current state of knowledge or skill. Contrast with aptitude test, which is designed to evaluate potentialities for achievement independent of current knowledge.A term loosely used to describe persons who display a somewhat higher than average rate of accidents. Such individuals may indeed contribute to their high accident rates by any number of conscious or unconscious reasonsor they may be simply unlucky.A fear of small insects or animals. Occasionally, the delusion that one's skin is infested with mites or fleas.A label for a parent or guardian who has physically orpsychologically mistreated or neglected a child. Research has not identified any common characteristics of these individuals other than they were likely to have been abused themselves as children. See Child abuse.Literally, any departure from the norm or the normal. The term islargely used to denote deviant behavior patterns in individuals. Although this latter reference has been the dominant one in psychology for a long time, there has been some reluctance recently on the part of clinicians to use it. For example, within classical psychoanalysis, homosexuality is classified as abnormal; within a social learning theory analysis it is not. Also, Einstein would of necessity be called abnormal. The years have layered onto this termtoo many value judgments; any of a number of synonyms are preferable -- maladaptive, maladjusted, deviant, dysfunctional, etc.The act of wandering or straying from the normal course.Idiosyncratic or peculiar behavior.:mK/ z^A"rN) }fO8x_=nS:!iQ/Barbiturates@( Babinski Reflex@'Avoidant-Personality Disorder@(*Aversion Therapy@'Autosuggestionq@'Automatic Speech8@'Autism'@'Aura@&Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorded (ADHD)+@&:.Asthma@&Association, Free5@&Assertiveness Training@&#Asocial@"Asexual,@"Archetype@" Applied Psychology@"Apoplexyz@" Aphasia@"Anxiety-Relief Response#$Anxiety, Tolerance of@""Anxiety, Free-Floating@"#Anxiety Neurosis@Anxiety@"Antisocial Personality Disorder@, Antipsychotic Drugs@ Antidepressant Drugs@!Antianxiety Drugs Anorexia Nevosag@Anima@Angst@AngerS@Androgyny@ Analysis@ Amphetamines@ Amnesiad Alzheimers Disease@Alienation@ Alcoholic Psychosis`@ Alcoholic JealousyW@Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium@(Alcohol Withdrawal#@Alcohol Idiosyncratic Intoxicationo@/#Alcohol Amnestic DisorderN@&Alcohol Abuse @Agoraphobia@ AggressionJ@ Affective Psychosis@ Affective Disorder@Adler, Alfred (1870-1937)@&Addiction@ Acute Brain Disorderb@!Acting OutZ@ Achievement Test@Accident Prone@Acarophobiao@ Abusing Parent @Abnormal@ Aberration\@ OLVAL_Austrian psychologist, founder of the school of individual psychology. Adler joined Freud and then split with him in 1911 over a difference in psychoanalytic judgment regarding inferiority feelings andstriving for power. Adler addressed himself to the educated layman, and much ofhis approach was directed toward the welfare of children; he was the founder of many child-guidance clinics. Individual psychology is concerned with three phases of mental disease: understanding, prevention, and treatment. This schoollays stress on the early development of the child and the feeling of helplessness that later produces inferiority complexes. Inferiority then leads to overcompensation and eventually produces the superior and hostile attitudes that characterize the delinquent or criminal personality. Adler's emphasis is on family: an older sibling being pushed aside to make way for the new baby,the importance of the mother figure as the first social contact. Diagnosis in individual psychology relies heavily on the patient's earliest memory as illustrative of his first attempts at problem solving. Dreams are seen asreflective of attempts to cope with problems.Any psychological or physiological overdependence of an organism on a drug. Originally the term was used only for physiological dependencies in which the drug had altered the biochemistry of the individual such that continued doses (often of increasing size; See Tolerance, drug) were required, as is the case with drug opiates and alcohol. However, the line between the purely physiological addiction and the psychological dependence is far from clear. The confusion led the World Health Organization to recommend recently that the term dependence be used, with proper qualifiers when drugs areinvolved. See Methadone; Withdrawal; Dependence, physiological; Dependence,psychological.A cover term for any disability due to a reversible (hence, temporary) impairment of brain tissue.;LVAL60SA disorder the defining feature of which is a marked change in mood and behavior following ingestion of an amount of alcohol too small to produce intoxication in most people. The intoxicated state is typically manifested by a dramatic shift toward aggressiveness and hostility that is not typical of the person and there is usually subsequent amnesia for the episode.Memory impairment associated with prolonged, excessive consumption of alcohol.A general label for any pathological syndrome associated with excessive alcohol use. A variety of characteristics is found in serious cases, including a daily need for alcohol, continuing consumption in the face of physical disorders or impairments in social and occupational functioning,Generally, a fear of open spaces. Agoraphobia is the most commonly cited phobic disorder of those persons who seek psychiatric or psychological treatment. It has a variety of manifestations, the most common a deep fear of being caught alone in some public place (indeed, this is regarded by some authorities as the defining feature of the disorder). Help for this phobia isnow easily available through clinics and groups treating the syndrome.An extremely general term used for a wide variety of acts that involve attack, hostility, etc. Typically, it is used for such acts that can be assumed to be motivated by any of the following: (a) fear or frustration; (b) a desire to produce fear or flight in others; or (c) a tendency to push forward one's own ideas or interests.Loosely, any psychosis with severe disturbances in mood orfeeling. The classic example is the manic-depressive reaction. Current terminology is bipolar disorder. See Bipolar disorder; Cyclothymic disorder.A broad psychiatric diagnostic category used to denotedisturbances of mood or emotional tone to the point where excessive and inappropriate depression or elation occurs. Current terminology is mood disorder. See Bipolar disorder; Cyclothymic disorder.LVAL.~ The particular set of techniques and procedures used in the practice of psychoanalysis. The process is designed to reveal root causes of mental illness.A progressive disease that is superficially similar to senility except that it strikes relatively early in life (usually in the 40s and 50s). The first sign is impaired memory, usually followed by disturbed speech and thought and ultimately complete helplessness.Most contemporary usage reflects the standard dictionary meanings:a feeling of strangeness or separation from others; a sense of a lack of warm relations with others. Existentialists, however, have made the term a centralconstruct in their psychology and appended a subtle but important meaning to the term. Rather than concentrate solely upon alienation of one human from others, they also stress the alienation of a person from him-or herself. Thisseparation of the individual from the presumed "real" or "deeper" is assumed to result from preoccupation with conformity, the wishes of others and the pressures from social institutions. See Existential Psychology and Therapy.A general term used to cover the serious, disabling outcome of excessive, chronic alcohol abuse.An irrational, paranoid-like jealousy often observed in cases of chronic alcohol abuse.Delirium resulting from sudden cessation of alcohol intake following an extended period of alcohol abuse. Typically, symptoms are hallucinations (usually visual), rapid and irregular heartbeat, agitation, tremors, sweating, and high blood pressure.An organic mental disorder characterized by tremor of thehands, eyelids, and tongue, nausea, weakness, sweating, depressed mood, anxiety, and irritability. It follows, usually within a few hours, cessation ofalcohol intake in an individual who has been drinking for several days or longer.LVAL Generally, any partial or complete loss of memory. A number ofspecific forms of amnesia are recognized, each denoting a particular kind of deficit in memory. Note, however, that amnesia can be physiological, caused by some form of damage to brain tissue, or psychogenic and caused by any of a variety of factors, including neurotic reactions.Amphetamines A class of drugs including benzedrine, dexedrine, and methedrinethat act as central nervous system stimulants. Amphetamines suppress appetite,increase heart rate and blood pressure, and, in larger doses produce a feelingof euphoria and power. Therapeutically, they are used to alleviate depression.They are also used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorders (ADHD) inchildren. Amphetamine abuse is common, and chronic use leads to paranoidpsychosis. See Tranquilizers, minor.Analysis The particular set of techniques and procedures used in the practiceof psychoanalysis. The process is designed to reveal root causes of mentalillness.Androgyny From Greek andros (= man) and gyne (= female), the condition inwhich some male and some female characteristics are present in the sameindividual.Anger Very generally, a fairly strong emotional reaction that accompanies avariety of situations, such as being physically restrained, being interferedwith, having one's possessions removed, being attacked or threatened, etc.Anger is often defined by a collection of physical reactions includingparticular facial grimaces and body positions.Angst German for anxiety, anguish, or psychic pain. In the existential school,this mental turmoil is regarded as the fundamental reality of beings who mustconfront life as a battleground within which personal choice is essential andthe responsibility for decisions made must be borne.Anima Originally, the soul. In the early writings of Carl Jung, one's innerbeing, that aspect of one's psyche in intimate association with one'sunconscious. In Jung's later writings, the feminine archetype, which was|LVALmK/ z^A"rN) Alienation@ Alcoholic Psychosis`@ Alcoholic JealousyW@Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium@(Alcohol Withdrawal#@Alcohol Idiosyncratic Intoxicationo@/#Alcohol Amnestic DisorderN@&Alcohol Abuse @Agoraphobia@ AggressionJ@ Affective Psydifferentiated from animus, the masculine archetype. In arguing for thisessential bisexuality of all persons, Jung hypothesized that both componentswere present in both sexes.Anorexia nervosa An eating disorder characterized by intense fear of becomingobese, dramatic weight loss, obsessive concern with one's weight, disturbancesof body image such that the patientLVAL1A general term covering all those drugs used in the treatment of psychoses. The major tranquilizers, such as Thorazine and Mellaril, are included in this group. See Lithium; Tranquilizers, major; Neuroleptic medication.Originally, the soul. In the early writings of Carl Jung, one's inner being, that aspect of one's psyche in intimate association with one's unconscious. In Jung's later writings, the feminine archetype, which wasdifferentiated from animus, the masculine archetype. In arguing for this essential bisexuality of all persons, Jung hypothesized that both components were present in both sexes.German for anxiety, anguish, or psychic pain. In the existential school this mental turmoil is regarded as the fundamental reality of beings who must confront life as a battleground within which personal choice is essential and the responsibility for decisions made must be borne.Very generally, a fairly strong emotional reaction that accompanies a variety of situations, such as being physically restrained, being interfered with, having one's possessions removed, being attacked or threatened, etc.Anger is often defined by a collection of physical reactions including particular facial grimaces and body positions.From Greek andros (= man) and gyne (= female), the condition inwhich some male and some female characteristics are present in the same individual.A class of drugs including benzedrine, dexedrine, and methedrine that act as central nervous system stimulants. Amphetamines suppress appetite, increase heart rate and blood pressure, and, in larger doses produce a feeling of euphoria and power. Therapeutically, they are used to alleviate depression.They are also used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorders (ADHD) in children. Amphetamine abuse is common, and chronic use leads to paranoidpsychosis. See Tranquilizers, minor.LVALmK/ z^A"rN) }fOA subclass of anxiety disorders characterized by recurrentperiods of intense anxiety. Usually included in this category are panicdisorders, generalized anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders.A personality disorder characterized by a history of chronic antisocial behavior (often observed in childhood), the essential feature of which is the violation of the rights of others. Strictly speaking the term is only used when the onset is before age 15 and continues into later life. Typical patterns of behavior are truancy from school, aninability to hold a job, lying, stealing, aggressive sexual behavior, drug and alcohol abuse, vagrancy and a high rate of criminality. See Psychopath;Criminal psychopath; Psychopathic personality.A general psychopharmacological classification of drugsused in fairly severe depressive disorders. The most common are tricyclic compounds and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Some classification systems include the amphetamines as antidepressants, although they are more commonly groupedwith the stimulants; others include lithium because of its use in the treatment of manic-depressives. See Lithium; Tranquilizers, major; Tranquilizers, minor.An eating disorder characterized by intense fear of becomingobese, dramatic weight loss, obsessive concern with one's weight, disturbances of body image such that the patient feels fat when of normal weight or even when emaciated. The classic anorexic is young (rarely over 30), female (roughly 95 percent of all cases) and from a middle-or upper-class family. They frequently are described as model children.The disorder is rather resistant to treatment and can have an unremitting course leading to death, although inthe large majority of cases there is spontaneous full recovery. See Bulimia; Eating disorders.LVAL !A general term for several classes of drugs that function primarily to reduce anxiety. The term is preferred by many, rather than minor tranquilizers, on the grounds that they are not so minor and can have serious side effects, particularly when taken in large doses or in combination withalcohol.Antidepressant drugs A general psychopharmacological classification of drugsused in fairly severe depressive disorders. The most common are tricycliccompounds and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Some classification systems includethe amphetamines as antidepressants, although they are more commonly groupedwith the stimulants; others include lithium because of its use in the treatmentof manic-depressives. See Lithium; Tranquilizers, major; Tranquilizers, minor.Antipsychotic drugs A general term covering all those drugs used in thetreatment of psychoses. The major tranquilizers, such as Thorazine andMellaril, are included in this group. See Lithium; Tranquilizers, major;Neuroleptic medication.Antisocial personality disorder A personality disorder characterized by ahistory of chronic antisocial behavior (often observed in childhood), theessential feature of which is the violation of the rights of others. Strictlyspeaking the term is only used when the onset is before age 15 and continuesinto later life. Typical patterns of behavior are truancy from school, aninability to hold a job, lying, stealing, aggressive sexual behavior, drug andalcohol abuse, vagrancy and a high rate of criminality. See Psychopath;Criminal psychopath; Psychopathic personality.Anxiety Most generally, a vague, unpleasant emotional state with qualities ofapprehension, dread, distress, and uneasiness. Frequently known as panic,anxiety is often distinguished from fear in that an anxiety state is oftenobjectless, whereas fear assumes a specific feared object, person or event. Inexistential theory, anxiety is characterized as the emotional accompaniment ofthe immediate awareness of the meaninglessness, incompleteLVAL!qmK/ z^A"rN) Amphetamines@ Amnesiad Alzheimers Disease@Alienation@ness, and chaoticnature of the world in which we live. See Generalized anxiety disorder;Hyperventilation.Anxiety, free-floating The kind of vague, nebulous anxiety associated with thegeneralized anxiety disorders. Also called neurotic anxiety. See Generalizedanxiety disorder.Anxiety neurosis A subclass of anxiety disorders characterized by recurrentperiods of intense anxiety. Usually included in this category are panicdisorders, generalized anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders.Anxiety-relief response A term coined by behavior therapists for a learnedoperant response that relieves feelings of anxiety. The technique is toassociate the response (usually saying out loud or thinking a word likedLVAL Kurz^A"rN) }fO8Without regard to society or social issues. This meaning is used to describe situations, events, behaviors, or people that operate independently of (although not in opposition to: antisocial) social values and customs. An asocial person is one who is withdrawn from society.Literally, without sex or lacking sexuality.In Jung's characterization of the psyche, the inherited, unconsciousracial ideas and images that are the primitive components that rise as symbols from the collective unconscious.Basically, an umbrella term used for all those subdisciplines within psychology that seek to apply principles, discoveries, and theories of psychology in practical ways in related areas, such as education, industry, marketing, opinion polling, sport, therapy.An acute, abrupt loss of consciousness and subsequent motor paralysis caused by brain hemorrhage, embolism, or thrombosis.A general term covering any partial or complete loss of language abilities. The origins are always organic, namely, a lesion in the brain. There are literally dozens of varieties of aphasia.A loose term used for the extent to which an individual can put up with anxiety-provoking situations without having them adversely affect ability to function.The kind of vague, nebulous anxiety associated with the generalized anxiety disorders. Also called neurotic anxiety. See Generalized anxiety disorder.Most generally, a vague, unpleasant emotional state with qualities of apprehension, dread, distress, and uneasiness. Frequently known as panic,anxiety is often distinguished from fear in that an anxiety state is often objectless, whereas fear assumes a specific feared object, person or event. In existential theory, anxiety is characterized as the emotional accompaniment of the immediate awareness of the meaninglessness, incompleteness, and chaoticnature of the world in which we live. See Generalized anxiety disorder; Hyperventilation.LVAL $A term coined by behavior therapists for a learned operant response that relieves feelings of anxiety. The technique is to associate the response (usually saying out loud or thinking a word like "calm" or "relax") with the cessation of a painful stimulus (like an electric shock). With the response now connected to a feeling of relief it can (at least in principle) be used in other anxious moments or circumstances.Anxiety, tolerance of A loose term used for the extent to which an individualcan put up with anxiety-provoking situations without having them adverselyaffect ability to function.Aphasia A general term covering any partial or complete loss of languageabilities. The origins are always organic, namely, a lesion in the brain. Thereare literally dozens of varieties of aphasia.Apoplexy An acute, abrupt loss of consciousness and subsequent motor paralysiscaused by brain hemorrhage, embolism, or thrombosis.Applied psychology Basically, an umbrella term used for all thosesubdisciplines within psychology that seek to apply principles, discoveries,and theories of psychology in practical ways in related areas, such aseducation, industry, marketing, opinion polling, sport, therapy.Archetype In Jung's characterization of the psyche, the inherited, unconsciousracial ideas and images that are the primitive components that rise as symbolsfrom the collective unconscious.Asexual Literally, without sex or lacking sexuality.Asocial Without regard to society or social issues. This meaning is used todescribe situations, events, behaviors, or people that operate independently of(although not in opposition to: antisocial) social values and customs. Anasocial person is one who is withdrawn from society.Assertiveness training A set of techniques used as both a treatment forcertain disorders and as a general training program to teach individuals how toassert themselves.Association, free Any seemingly unrelated association made between ideas,words, thoughts, etc. In a free-LVAL %association test the subject is given a wordand asked to reply with the first word that comes to mind. It has been usedprimarily in psychoanalysis, where it serves mostly as a device to explore theclient's unconscious.Asthma A general term for any of several varieties of bronchial disorderscharacterized by a spasm of the upper respiratory system with difficult,labored breathing. Asthmatic attacks often accompany allergic reactions andoccasionally are secondary complications of respiratory infections. However,asthma is usually classified as a psychosomatic disorder because of thetendency for asthmatic reactions to accompany anxiety and psychoneuroticconflicts.Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) A general psychiatric syndromecharacterized by a child's displaying developmentally inappropriate lack ofattention, excessive motor activity, and a lack of impulse control. The termAttention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is used with children who show problems onlywith impulse control and/or attention deficits and are not overactive. This isa common disorder and frequently results in behavior and/or performanceproblems in the school setting. Typically the hyperactivity diminishes as thechild reaches middle school, but the attentional difficulties and impulsivenessoften persist until the late teenage or early adult years. This disorder hashad previous names, such as hyperkinesis, hyperactive syndrome, hyperkineticsyndrome of childhood, and minimal brain dysfunction. See Hyperactivity;Hyperkinesis.Aura A subjective experience that frequently precedes an epileptic seizure oran impending migraine headache. The aura may occur anywhere from a few hours toseveral seconds prior to onset and usually consists of a variety of sensory-based hallucinations (e.g., a flash of light).Autism The general meaning is reflected by the roots of the word: aut-= self,and -ism = orientation or state. Hence, the tendency to be absorbed in oneself;a condition in which one's thoughts, feelings, a<LVALHmK/ z^A"rN) }fO8x_Anxiety@"Antisocial Personality Disorder@, Antipsychotic Drugs@ Antidepressant Drugs@!Antianxiety Drugs Anorexia Nevosag@Anima@nd desires are governed byone's internal apprehensions of the world. The term implies that the internalstate is in conflict with reality and that the individual sees things in termsof fantasies and dreams, wishes, and hopes, rather than in terms of a realityshared by and with others. The term was originally coined by E. Bleuler forschizophrenia.Automatic speech Speech produced without conscious reflection on what is beingsaid. Easily seen with extremely well-learned material, as with counting,saying the alphabet. Also, speech that emerges devoid of conscious control. Itis observed in some psychoses, in advanced senility, and occasionally in highlyemotional states.Autosuggestion Literally, self-suggestion. The term comes from a system ofself-improvement developed by a Frenchman, Emile Coue (1857-1926), that wasvery popular in the 1920s and 1930s. The heart of Coue's rather simplisticsystem was contained in the phrase,&LVALm8xM:rz^A"rN) A subjective experience that frequently precedes an epileptic seizure or an impending migraine headache. The aura may occur anywhere from a few hours to several seconds prior to onset and usually consists of a variety of sensory-based hallucinations (e.g., a flash of light).A general psychiatric syndromecharacterized by a child's displaying developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, excessive motor activity, and a lack of impulse control. The term Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is used with children who show problems only with impulse control and/or attention deficits and are not overactive. This isa common disorder and frequently results in behavior and/or performance problems in the school setting. Typically the hyperactivity diminishes as thechild reaches middle school, but the attentional difficulties and impulsivenessoften persist until the late teenage or early adult years. This disorder hashad previous names, such as hyperkinesis, hyperactive syndrome, hyperkineticsyndrome of childhood, and minimal brain dysfunction. See Hyperactivity; Hyperkinesis.A general term for any of several varieties of bronchial disorders characterized by a spasm of the upper respiratory system with difficult, labored breathing. Asthmatic attacks often accompany allergic reactions and occasionally are secondary complications of respiratory infections. However, asthma is usually classified as a psychosomatic disorder because of the tendency for asthmatic reactions to accompany anxiety and psychoneurotic conflicts.Any seemingly unrelated association made between ideas,words, thoughts, etc. In a free-association test the subject is given a word and asked to reply with the first word that comes to mind. It has been used primarily in psychoanalysis, where it serves mostly as a device to explore the client's unconscious.A set of techniques used as both a treatment for certain disorders and as a general training program to teach individuals how to assert themselves.LVAL0}K/ z^A"rN) }fO8x_=nSAn upward extension of the toes upon stroking the sole of thefoot. A normal reflex in infants but a symptom of certain classes of organic disorders in adults.A general term for any of a number of behavior-modificationtechniques that use unpleasant or painful stimuli in a controlled fashion for the purpose of altering behavior patterns in a therapeutic way. The use of such procedures has been primarily restricted to such disorders as alcoholism, drug abuse, and cigarette smoking (and in a few questionable cases, homosexuality) and, generally speaking, they have not been very successful.Literally, self-suggestion. The term comes from a system of self-improvement developed by a Frenchman, Emile Coue (1857-1926), that was very popular in the 1920s and 1930s. The heart of Coue's rather simplistic system was contained in the phrase, "Every day in every way I am getting better and better", which he counseled people to repeat twenty to thirty times a day.Speech produced without conscious reflection on what is being said. Easily seen with extremely well-learned material, as with counting, saying the alphabet. Also, speech that emerges devoid of conscious control. It is observed in some psychoses, in advanced senility, and occasionally in highly emotional states.The general meaning is reflected by the roots of the word: aut-= self, and -ism = orientation or state. Hence, the tendency to be absorbed in oneself; a condition in which one's thoughts, feelings, and desires are governed by one's internal apprehensions of the world. The term implies that the internal state is in conflict with reality and that the individual sees things in terms of fantasies and dreams, wishes, and hopes, rather than in terms of a realityshared by and with others. The term was originally coined by E. Bleuler for schizophrenia.LVALV@mK/ z^A"rN) }fO8x_=nS:!iQ/A syndrome classified as an organic mental disorder that appears following cessation of intake of barbiturates after a history of prolonged and heavy use. The symptoms are virtually identical with those of alcohol withdrawal and include nausea, weakness, tachycardia, sweating,anxiety, and confusion. See Alcohol withdrawal; Alcohol withdrawal delirium; Withdrawal.A very large group of drugs classified as hypnosedatives. Of theover 2,500 barbiturates that have been catalogued, roughly 15 are currently used, in a variety of conditions, including (most commonly) as an aid for sleeping, as an anesthetic, and in the symptomatic treatment of epilepsy. Generally, barbiturates depress the activity of all excitable cells. Barbiturates can be divided into three classes, depending on speed and durationof action. The long-acting include phenobarbital and mephobarbital. These produce their effects slowly (approximately one hour after ingestion) and last roughly 8-12 hours. The intermediate-acting (15-30 minute onset time; 3-5 hour action) include pentobarbital, secobarbital and amobarbital. The ultra-short-acting (1-2 seconds; 15-30 minutes) include thiopental and methohexital. Those in this last group are used primarily as anesthetics and administration isusually intravenous. With long-term use all the barbiturates produce tolerance as well as both psychological and physiological drug dependence.A personality disorder characterized by a hypersensitivity to rejection that is so extreme that the individual avoids contacts with others and shies away from forming relationships unless givenstrong guarantees of uncritical acceptance. There is typically low self-esteem, a tendency to devalue accomplishments and inappropriate distress over personal shortcomings -- all accompanied by a desire for affection and acceptance.8|T) uGiM3^@#}^?qN4k;DepressionD@6 DepersonalizationS@5Dependency, Morbid@5Dependence, Psychological@5&Dependence, Physiological@5&Dependant Personality Disorder'@2+Dementia, Senile @2Dementia 3 Delusions of Persecution@2%Delusions of GrandeurB@2"Delusion@2 Delirium Tremens@2Deliriumf@2 Defense Mechanism@1Cyclothymic Disorder|@1!Criminal Psychopath@1 Cranium.@1Cranial NervesR@1Countertransference@0 Conversion Disorder@0 Control Group@0Consciousness~@0Congenital@0 Conditioningm@/ Compulsion@/ Comparative Psychology_@/#Collective Unconscious @.#Cold Turkeyc@. Codependency{@. Clinical Psychology@. Client-Centred Therapyk@-#ClaustrophobiaFear of closed spaces.1Chronic Brain Disorder (or Sydrome)@@-0$Child Abuse@- CerebrumE@- Cerebellum|@- Catharsis@, Catatonia@, Castration ComplexN@,Caffeinism@, Bulimiax@,Brain LesionE@, Borderline Personality Disorder@+, Book AntiquaBook Antiqua)Book AntiquaBody Language@+Bisexualt@* Bipolar Disorder@+Biorhythms@+ Biofeedbackp@* Binet, Alfred (1857-1911)@*&Behaviour ModificationB@*#Behaviorism9@* Behavior Therapyc@*Beastiality@* Barbiturate Withdrawaln@(#LVALq6 z^A"rN) }fO8x_=nS:!An individual whose sexual preferences include members of his or her own sex as well as members of the opposite sex.Feedback providing information about bodily functioning throughsensory channels or outside sources (e.g., EEG).French psychologist who developed the first standardized intelligence test. At the turn of the century, Binet began research on individual differences, which eventually led him to develop his renowned intelligence scale in 1905. For intelligence investigation, he studiedthe differing mental levels and processes of his daughters, using pictures, word tests, and ink blots. The Stanford-Binet Scale is a revision of the original Binet and Simon test, widely adapted for use in most countries.Changing behavior by applying techniques based on learning theory.The approach to psychology that argues that the only appropriatesubject matter for scientific psychological investigation is observable, measurable behavior. It was with John B. Watson in the 1910s that behaviorism was born. It is represented in contemporary thinking by the perspective of thelate B.F. Skinner.That type of psychotherapy that seeks to change abnormal ormaladaptive behavior patterns by the use of positive and negative reinforcers. The focus is on the behavior itself rather than on underlying conflicts. All behavioral disorders are assumed to result from unfortunate contingencies inthe life of the individual leading to the acquisition of maladaptive behaviors. There is no need to explore underlying conflicts; effective therapy should aimat modification of the behavior(s) that the patient currently manifests. A large array of specific therapeutic procedures and modification techniquesexists.Most broadly, any beastly behavior of a person. More specifically, sexual behavior between humans and animals. The latter is the usual meaning.LVALhT)/ z^A"rN) }fO8x_=nS:!iQ/Barbiturates@( Babinski RA personality disorder in which the individual chronically lives on the borderline between normal, adaptive functioning andreal psychic disability. Usually such a person is identified by any of a number of instabilities with no clear features; e.g., interpersonal relations tend tobe unstable, self-image may be disturbed, displays of anger and temper are common, impulsive acts that are self-damaging, like gambling or shoplifting,are frequent.The complex system whereby information about feelings andemotions is communicated through nonverbal channels involving gestures, bodyposition, facial expressions, etc. Despite the often misleading and trivial discussions about it that have unfortunately impressed themselves upon the laypublic, it is possible to approach this topic in a reasonable andscientifically responsible fashion.A major affective disorder in which both manic and depressive episodes occur. Also known as manic-depression and manic-depressive psychosis. See Affective disorder; Affective psychosis; Cyclothymic disorder; Hypomanic disorder; Lithium; Mania; Manic episode.A general label covering all periods of biological systems. The most intensely studied are the circadian rhythms, although many biological functions show a period other than a daily one, for example, menstrual cycles,bird migrations, protective-coloring changes, etc. Note that in recent years this term has become contaminated by the emergence of a pseudoscience of the same name. Using the so-called biorhythm methods its practitioners claim to beable to predict a person's performance on a task on any given day, on the basisof a chart of their biorhythms from their day of birth. An utter lack of supportive evidence for these claims has, predictably, had little impact on public acceptance but it has led scientific researchers to cast about for a new label for their field.LVALCe u^A"rN) }fO8x_=nS:!iQ/From the Greek meaning purification, purging. In psychoanalytictheory this meaning was borrowed to refer to the release of tension and anxiety resulting from the process of bringing repressed ideas, feelings, wishes, and memories of the past into consciousness. Lay usage has broadened the meaning a bit and one often sees the term used to refer to any satisfying emotional experience.The term refers literally to muscular rigidity or extreme tension. It is observed as a syndrome in catatonic schizophrenia where the patient in a so-called catatonic state may remain in a fixed position for long periods. See Schizophrenia, catatonic (type).In classical (Freudian) psychoanalytic theory, the fear associated with loss of one's genitals. In the male the complex is supposedly manifested as anxiety surrounding the possibility of loss, in females as the guilt over having already experienced the loss. The original position with regard to males has, of course, been critiqued rather severely but is still, generally speaking, a part of the standard psychoanalytic theory; the position with regard to females has been so vigorously attacked, especially by female analysts, that it is rarely taken seriously any longer. See Penis envy.Caffeine intoxication. Symptoms are nervousness, anxiety, insomnia and psychomotor agitation. In sensitive persons as little as 250 mg (roughly 2-3 cups of coffee or 3-5 cups of tea) is sufficient to produce these effects.An eating disorder in which an individual goes through recurrentepisodes of rapidly consuming a large quantity of food and then purging (e.g. vomiting, using laxatives). Episodes are usually associated with depression andare followed by guilt, self-deprecation and overconcern with body shape and weight. See Anorexia nervosa; Eating disorders. See also Health and Medicine.Any damage to brain tissue produced by injury, disease, surgery, etc.LVAL?G) Also known as nondirective therapy. Developed by Carl Rogers. The therapist does not advise or direct the clients. Working on the assumption that clients are best able to deal with their personal problems, the therapist is nonjudgmental and accepting and reflects the clients' feelings andconcerns in order to clarify points and encourage them. See Rogers, Carl.One of the standard classifications of behavior disorders. It refers to disorders resulting from large, long-lastingbrain damage such as those caused by syphilis, brain tumors, strokes, or drugs. The most common by far are those due to changes occurring in old age (senile psychosis) and alcohol (alcoholic psychosis).Generally, any form of physical or psychological mistreatment orneglect of a child by parents or guardians. The most common form involves severe and repeated physical injury (contusions, broken bones). Other forms of mistreatment such as starvation, locking the child away in attics or closets, burning with cigarettes or other hot objects, sexual assault, and emotional andpsychological degradation are also included. See Abusing parent.The largest and most prominent structure of the brain. The inner core is composed of white matter: the outer covering is made up entirely of gray matter. The human cerebrum consists of perhaps 15 billion cells and is the latest brain structure to have evolved. It is involved in processing and interpretation of sensory inputs, control over voluntary motor activity,consciousness, planning, and execution of action, thinking, ideating, language, reasoning, judging, and the like; in short, all of those functions most closelyassociated with the so-called higher mental functions.Literally, the Latin diminutive little brain. It is involved in muscle coordination and the maintenance of body equilibrium.LVALgT) uGiM3Jung's term for that aspect of the unconscious shared by all. This racial unconscious (as it is also called) was assumed by Jung to be inherited and, in his conceptualization, to consist of the residue of the evolution of man. Its components were termed archetypes.Slang for the process of terminating a physiological drugdependence by abruptly ceasing to take the drug with no support from other drugs. Depending on the severity of the dependence and the form of drug involved, such a process can be a most trying experience. This is particularly true in the case of opiates, amphetamines. and alcohol. See Withdrawal.A situation in which one person develops a dependency on another person who is also dependent. This usually occurs in dysfunctional relationships and the term is frequently used in the area of substance abuse.For example, a spouse has a neurotic need to maintain a bad marriage relationship and is unwilling to challenge the substance-dependent partner'sdysfunctional behavior.The area of psychology concerned with aberrant,maladaptive or abnormal human behavior. Within the vast umbrella of clinical practices are diagnosis, classification, treatment, prevention, and research. Although recent years have reflected a trend toward the empirical approach, in which the clinician draws on the findings and methodology of the researcher,clinical psychology largely reflects its historical lineage, which ispredominantly medical in orientation. However, to appreciate the enormous rangeavailable to the practicing clinician (and even more bewilderingly, to the person seeking psychotherapy), other recognized and widely practiced therapiesshould be consulted: behavior, client-centered, encounter, Gestalt, group, psychoanalysis (various forms), existential, cognitive, etc.LVALT) uGiM3A generic term for a set of empirical concepts, particularly those that specify the conditions under which associative learning takes place. Often divided into two separate types: classical conditioning (or Pavlovian) and operant (or Skinnerian). The basic difference between the two is that in classical conditioning the outcome of a trial always occurs regardless of how the organism responds -- Pavlov's dogs received food whether or not they salivated. In operant conditioning the outcome of a trial is contingent uponthe organism making a specified response -- Skinner's pigeons were not given food unless they pecked the key the requisite number of times under the properstimulus conditions. In classical conditioning, the conditioned response (e.g., eye blink, salivation, knee jerk) is generally reflexive, primitive, autonomic,and lacking in volition, and it is elicited by the conditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, the response (e.g., bar pressing, maze running) is morevoluntary, nonreflexive, and emitted by the organism in the presence of the appropriate stimulus. See Skinner, Burrhus F.; Pavlov, Ivan P..Behavior motivated by factors that compel a person to act against his or her own wishes. Differentiate from obsession, in which the focus is moreon thoughts and feelings than on behavior, and from impulse, in which the compelling quality is more sudden and satisfiable. Compulsion usually carriesthe connotation of repetitiveness and irrationality. See Obsession; Obsessive-compulsive disorder.A subdiscipline of psychology concerned with theinvestigation of the behavior of various species of animals by drawing comparisons (similarities and distinctions) between them. The approach draws onother areas in psychology, such as learning theory, and on other disciplines, including ethology, physiology, genetics and zoology. See Lorenz, Konrad./LVAL+C) uGiM3^@In psychoanalysis, the analyst's displacement of affect(i.e., transference) onto the client. More generally, the analyst's emotional involvement in the therapeutic interaction. In the former sense countertransference is a distorting element in a psychoanalysis and can bedisruptive; in the latter sense it is considered benign and, by some,inevitable. Freud supported the former sense, and Jung the latter. Most current analysts See it as inevitable and even as therapeutically useful.A disorder in which an individual's psychic conflict is exhibited in somatic form whereby the physical symptoms will appear to have superficial causes with no true organic source.A group in an experiment that is as closely matched as possibleto the experimental group except that it is not exposed to the independent variable(s) under investigation.Generally, a state of awareness. This is the most general usageof the term and is that intended in phrases like he lost consciousness. It is also a domain of mind that contains the sensations, perceptions, and memories of which one is momentarily aware, that is, those aspects of present mentallife to which one is attending. The term has a distinctly checkered history. It has sometimes represented the central focus of pychology (structuralism) and atothers been banned from the psychologist's lexicon as representing nothing morethen the flotsam of bodily activity; (See Behaviorism). The ongoing fascinationwith it, however, stems from the compelling sense that consciousness is one ofthe fundamental defining features of our species: that to be human is to possess not only self-awareness but the even more remarkable capacity to scan and review mentally that of which we are aware.Present at birth. Note that the term is not necessarily synonymous with innate or hereditary. A congenital condition may be due to factors other than heredity, e.g., retardation produced by the mother's contracting German measles early in pregnancy.LVAL?A term applied to any enduring pattern of protectivebehavior designed to provide a defense against the awareness of that which is anxiety producing.An affective disorder characterized by cyclic mood swings or by a fairly consistent elation or depression. Distinguish from manic-depression, in which the range of the emotions is much more extreme. Cyclothymia is used as a psychiatric label only when there has been extendedobservation (usually two years or more) by the physician of the patient's mood swings. Cyclothymic patients rarely experience together more than two months of behavior not categorized as either elated or depressed. Not meant to apply toacute emotional reactions. Also called cyclic disorder or cyclothymia. One of the bipolar disorders. See Bipolar disorder.An individual whose illegal acts stem from uncontrollablepsychological problems, e.g., the disorders of kleptomania, pyromania; exhibitionism and rape are included. Also called criminal sociopath.That portion of the skull enclosing the brain.The 12 nerves that enter and leave the brain directly rather than through the spinal cord. They are numbered and individually named:I Olfactory: smellII Optic: visionIII Ocumotor: eye musclesIV Trocular: oblique muscles of  eye.V Trigeminal: face, nose, and  tongue.VI Abducens: rectus muscles  of eye.VII Facial: facial muscles, taste  buds, anterior part of the  tongue.VIII Auditory-vestibular: hearing  and balance, also called  vestibulocochlear.IX Glossopharyngeal: the  throat, taste buds, posterior  part of the tongue.X Vagus: heart, lungs, thorax,  larynx, pharynx, external  ear, and abdominal viscera.XI Spinal accessory: neck  muscles.XII Hypoglossal: tongue  muscles.LVAL uGiM3^@#}^? A personality disorder characterized by the sufferer's passively allowing others to take over responsibility for his or herlife. Such individuals are typically lacking in self-confidence, unsure of their abilities and willing to allow decision making in all matters to be taken over by others.A general term for any dementia associated with the aged.Senile dementias are of the primary degenerative type and are associated with a variety of causes, including Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, certain vitamin deficiencies, and cerebrovascular pathologies.Delusions of the paranoid type; the person feels that others are out to get them, thwart their efforts to achieve, and somehow inflict pain or injury on them. Typically a rich, systematic conspiracy is imagined. See Paranoia.Delusions of exaggerated greatness, power, influence; megalomania.A belief that is maintained in spite of argument, data, and refutation that should (reasonably) be sufficient to destroy it. Care should be taken in the use of the term -- one person's delusion may be another's salvation.An acute delirium, with all of its characteristic symptoms,that is associated with excessive alcohol abuse. Some writers have used the term (and its slang abbreviation, the d.t.'s) as though the syndrome were caused by alcohol consumption, which is true but only in a misleading manner.The proper usage is for a delirium whose onset follows, usually by a day or two, the cessation of alcohol intake after many years of alcohol abuse.A disoriented condition with clouded consciousness, often accompanied by hallucinations, illusions, misinterpretations of events, and a generallyconfused quality with reduced capacity to sustain attention to things in the environment. Delirium is frequently of fairly rapid onset (often after headinjury or a seizure) but may also develop slowly over time.LVAL 4Generally, a loss of intellectual capacity to the extent that normal social and occupational functions can no longer be carried out. The term is reserved for multifunctional disorders in which reasoning, judgment, and other higher mental processes are lost. Typically, alterations in personality and modes of social interaction accompany these cognitive deficits.Dementia, senile A general term for any dementia associated with the aged.Senile dementias are of the primary degenerative type and are associated with avariety of causes, including Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, certainvitamin deficiencies, and cerebrovascular pathologies.Dependence, physiological Drug dependence produced by alterations inphysiological states resulting from repeated administrations of the drug. Thecharacteristic that marks such dependence and differentiates it frompsychological dependence is that severe physiological dysfunctions emerge ifthe drug is suddenly discontinued. Opiates and the barbiturates both producesuch dependence with prolonged use. Also referred to as physical dependence.The term is preferred over the previously used addiction and drug addiction.See Addiction.Dependence, psychological Drug dependence characterized by a rather pervasivedrive to obtain and take the substance. The term is usually used fordependences on drugs whose action does not produce fundamental biochemicalchanges such that continued doses of the drug are required for normalfunctioning. Drugs like marijuana are commonly cited as ones likely to producepsychological dependence with habitual use. See Addiction.Dependency, morbid Karen Horney's term for extreme, neurotic surrender of selfto another, such that one person becomes pathologically reliant on another forthings social and emotional.Dependent personality disorder A personality disorder characterized by thesufferer's passively allowing others to take over responsibility for his or herlife. Such individuals are typically lacking in self-confidenceLVAL |T) uGiM3^@#}^?qN4Delusions of GrandeurB@2"Delusion@2, unsure oftheir abilities and willing to allow decision making in all matters to be takenover by others.Depersonalization The dominant meaning is that of the existentialists, whoused the term to characterize the feeling of loss of self or of personalidentity, the sense that one is but a number in a computer memory bank, or merecog in a blundering, dehumanized, social machine. In psychiatric terms, itrepresents an emotional disorder in which there is a loss of contact with one'sown personal reality, accompanied by feelings of strangeness and an unrealityof experience. In severe cases, parts of one's body feel alien or altered insize and one may have the experience of perceiving oneself from a distance.Depression Generally, a mood state characterized by a sense of inadequacy, afeeling of despondency, a decrease in activity or reactivity, pessimism,sadness, and related symptoms. In this sense depressions are quite normal,relatively short-lived, and (damnably) frequent. In psychiatry, any of a numberof affective disorders in which the above characteristics of mood are extremeand intense. Depression in this sense may be symptom of some other psychological disorder. Note that Anhedonia (general lack of interest in the pleasures of life) is an essential characteristic of depression.Depression, agitated A depression in which the individual displays psychomotoragitation as a dominant symptom. The overt symptoms are irritability,excitability, and restlessness.Depression, neuroticLVALlr uGiM3^@#}^?qN4A depression in which the individual displays psychomotoragitation as a dominant symptom. The overt symptoms are irritability, excitability, and restlessness.The dominant meaning is that of the existentialists, who used the term to characterize the feeling of loss of self or of personalidentity, the sense that one is but a number in a computer memory bank, or mere cog in a blundering, dehumanized, social machine. In psychiatric terms, it represents an emotional disorder in which there is a loss of contact with one's own personal reality, accompanied by feelings of strangeness and an unreality of experience. In severe cases, parts of one's body feel alien or altered in size and one may have the experience of perceiving oneself from a distance.Karen Horney's term for extreme, neurotic surrender of selfto another, such that one person becomes pathologically reliant on another for things social and emotional.Drug dependence characterized by a rather pervasive drive to obtain and take the substance. The term is usually used for dependences on drugs whose action does not produce fundamental biochemical changes such that continued doses of the drug are required for normal functioning. Drugs like marijuana are commonly cited as ones likely to produce psychological dependence with habitual use. See Addiction.Drug dependence produced by alterations in physiological states resulting from repeated administrations of the drug. Thecharacteristic that marks such dependence and differentiates it from psychological dependence is that severe physiological dysfunctions emerge if the drug is suddenly discontinued. Opiates and the barbiturates both producesuch dependence with prolonged use. Also referred to as physical dependence. The term is preferred over the previously used addiction and drug addiction.See Addiction.LVAL8uCuGiM3^@#}^?qN4k;Uncontrollable craving for alcoholic beverages. Distinguish from alcoholism, dipsomania occurs in widely spaced attacks of relatively short duration.A psychoanalytic term for anxiety provoked by a sense offear concerning one's own hostile feelings toward others. The usage here derives from the oft-stated interpretation that depression is hostility turned inwards.A major depressive episode. The qualifier unipolar is used when the depressive episodes recur without the appearance of the manic phase that is observed in the classic form of bipolar disorder.Depression characterized by psychomotor retardation asthe dominant symptom. The individual tends to be lethargic, laconic, and slow to initiate action.Depression resulting from events occurring in one's life. The use of the term depression in this label is clinical and connotes that theaffective reaction is inappropriate given the events themselves, thus differentiating the meaning of the term from that of grief.Ordinary severe depression. A mildly out-of-date term used as a cover for any depression that is not a psychotic depression; i.e., one in which there is no loss of contact with reality.Severe depression in which the individual loses contact with reality and suffers from an array of impairments of normal functioning.Generally, a mood state characterized by a sense of inadequacy, a feeling of despondency, a decrease in activity or reactivity, pessimism,sadness, and related symptoms. In this sense depressions are quite normal, relatively short-lived, and (damnably) frequent. In psychiatry, any of a number of affective disorders in which the above characteristics of mood are extreme and intense. Depression in this sense may be symptom of some other psychological disorder. Note that Anhedonia (general lack of interest in thepleasures of life) is an essential characteristic of depression.5gAM1xY8oZ9k?)|]<!pQ3 Gestalt Pyschology and Therapy @E+GeniusH@DGeneralized Anxiety Disorder@D)Gender-Identity Disorder@D%Future ShockJ@D Freudian Slipj@AFreud, Sigmund (1856-1939) B'Foetal Alcholic Syndrome (FAS)@A+FloodingSee Implosion therapy.+ Fixation, AffectiveS@A Fetishism*@A Father Fixation=@?Father FigureD@@Fantasy1@@Family TherapyX@;Extraversion-Introversion@@&Existential Psychology and Therapy@?/#EST@>Eros@;Erikson, Erick H. (b.1902)@>'Encounter Group@=Electroencephalogram (EEG)^@='Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)@=, Electra ComplexSee Oedipus complex.0Ego Ideal?@; Ego Developmentt@<Ego>@<Educable Mentally Retarded (EMR)@<-!Eclectic<@; Eating Disorders@;Dyslexia@; Dysfunctional@9Drug Interaction6@9Dream Symbolismf@:Dream Content @:Dream Analysis@:Dream@9Down's Syndrome@9Dissociation@9 Disorientation[@9Directive Therapy|@9Dipsomania@6 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual@8."Dewey, John (1859-1952)>@8$Developmental Psychology@8%Depressive EpisodeN@8Depressive Anxiety@6Depression, Unipolar@6!Depression, Retarded@6!Depression, Reactive @6!Depression, Neurotic@6!Depression, Psychotic@6"Depression, Agitated@5!LVALA(DSM I, II, III and III-R) The full name is Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It is the official system for classification of psychological and psychiatric disorders prepared by and published by the American Psychiatric Association. The latest revision, DSM III-R, was completed in 1987 and is the major guide for the classification,treatment, and prognosis of psychological/psychiatric disorders.The founder of the functionalist movement, which wasone of the leading schools of psychology in the first half of the twentieth century. Functionalism is a very practical psychological movement that emphasizes the usefulness of mental processes in the adaptation of the organism(the entire human) to its environment.Strictly speaking, the field of psychology concerned with the lifelong process of change. Change here means any qualitative and/or quantitative modification in structure and function: crawling to walking,babbling to speaking, illogical reasoning to logical, infancy to adolescence to maturity to old age, birth to death. When first articulated as a substantivesubdiscipline in psychology by G.S. Hall around the turn of the century, it was quite explicitly this kind of cradle-to-grave field of investigation. However, it should be noted that most of the scientists who call themselvesdevelopmental psychologists are interested in childhood, indeed so much so that for many the term developmental psychology has become equivalent to childpsychology.Depressive episode, major In psychiatry, depression with all of the classic symptoms: sleep disturbances, lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, despondency,morbid thoughts, appetite disturbance, impaired concentration, and, on occasion, suicide attempts. The term is reserved for cases in which there is no known organic dysfunction.sLVAL)4LMuGiM3^@#}^?qN4A term recently coined and often used in substance abusesituations. It implies abnormal, difficult, faulty, inappropriate, etc.functioning (e.g., dysfunctional family, dysfunctional behavior).The effects of two (or more) drugs taken together, when their combined effects are different from what would be produced by only one of them taken alone. The classic example is that of alcohol and a sedative: their interaction produces central nervous depression far greater than either drug alone would yield.A lot of people have wrestled with this one; let us define it simply as imagery during sleep. Dreaming appears to occur in many organisms and is intimately related to rapid-eye movement (or REM) sleep.A congenital condition characterized by a flat skull, stubby fingers, an unusual pattern of skin folds on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, folds on the eyelids, a fissured tongue, and often severe mental deficiency.Used generally to characterize the process (or its result)whereby a coordinated set of activities, thoughts, attitudes, or emotionsbecomes separated from the rest of the person's personality and functionsindependently. More extreme forms are observed in the dissociative disorders (e.g., Multiple personality disorder, fugue, amnesia). H.S. Sullivan used the term to characterize the process whereby thoughts or memories that produce anxiety are cut off from consciousness. See Multiple personality.Inability to orient oneself with regard to spatial, temporal, and contextual aspects of the environment. Acute disorientation brought on by alcohol, drugs, or dramatic alterations in one's circumstances is not uncommon and not abnormal; long-term progressive disorientation is a symptom of a variety of psychological and/or neurological disorders.A general label for any therapeutic approach when the therapist gives advice to the client and directs the client to change.LVALF:gAM1Within the various psychoanalytic approaches, the disguisedexpressions in dreams wherein one thing is a stand-in or a symbol for something else. The usual interpretation is that the symbols are necessary fordeeply repressed wishes to escape censorship. There are standard interpretations for some commonly occurring dream symbols -- towers, pencils,pistons, and other entities that share functional, physical, or linguistic similarities are almost universally taken as phallic symbols, likewise boxes, doorways, and tunnels as vaginas. However, it is misleading to generalize blindly the symbolic elements of dreams. If dream analysis is to be of value itneeds to be carried out with a sensitivity to the dreamer's own life and to the manner in which the free-associations to the dream unfold. "Pop psychology" books on dream symbolism and meaning should be avoided.According to psychoanalytic theory the contents of a dream are of two types: (a) manifest -- that known to the dreamer, the surface of the dream; and (b) latent -- the deep, hidden aspects that presumably need to be interpreted before their meanings can be made clear.A technique originally used in psychoanalysis whereby the contents of dreams are analyzed for underlying or disguised motivations, symbolic meanings, or evidence of symbolic representations. In typical dream analysis the individual relates a dream and then free associates about it withthe aim of deriving insight into underlying dynamics. Freud, quoting the old proverb, pigs dream of acorns and geese dream of maize, assumed that dreamswere expressions of wish-fulfillment. However, according to the standard theory, since most wishes had been repressed, the deep meaning of dreams (dreamcontent) had to be interpreted through a veil of censorship, disguise and symbolism. See Dream symbolism.LVAL;CQuGiM3^@#}^?qN4k;DepressionD@6 DepersonalizationS@5Dependency, Morbid@5Dependence, PsycholA generic term for a variety of therapeutic approaches to treating the family as a unit.The Greek god of love. In Freudian theory, Eros refers to the whole complex of life-preservative instincts. Included among them, of course, are the sexual instincts. See Thanatos.A notion of positive ideals one would like to be or accomplish.Generally, not following any one system but selecting and using whatever is considered best in all systems. In clinical psychology and psychiatry an eclectic therapist is one who will use whatever therapeutic procedures seem most applicable to the case. This may mean taking a psychoanalytic bent with one client but a more direct, behaviorial approach with another. In general, eclecticism is regarded as healthy, especially in fields like psychology, which are at too immature a level to expect that any one of its theories or procedures could be universally applicable.A general term used to cover a variety of conditions characterized by serious disturbances in eating habits and appetitive behaviors, e.g., anorexia nervosa. See Anorexia nervosa; Bulimia.A learning disability that is characterized by a disturbance in the process of reading or interpreting letters or words. This term is reserved for individuals who have significant problems reading when there is no evidence of any generally debilitating disorder, like mental retardation, major brain injury, severe emotional problems, or cultural factors. The dyslexic individual shows a cluster of specific characteristics with the major symptom of an inability to read. Some of the other symptoms are: reading or writing words, letters or numbers backwards, mispronouncing words, fine-motor coordinationproblems, memory problems, inability to repeat words or sounds that are heard. See Learning disability.LVALFAM1xY8Loosely, any of a large group of psychoactive chemical compounds capable of producing hallucinations, e.g., LSD, mescaline, psilocybin. See also Health and Medicine.The gradual emerging awareness by the child that he or she is a distinct, independent person. The manner in which this takes place is not so easily stated, however. Classical psychoanalysis assumes that the process is one in which the ego progressively acquires functions that enable the individual to master impulses and to learn how to function independently ofparents.From the Latin for I, the I or self conceptualized as the central core around which all psychic activities revolve. Also, one of the components in the Freudian tripartite model of the psychic apparatus (along with the id and superego). In this conceptualization the ego serves as an executive who functions adaptively to maintain psychic balance. Today, the ego is conceived of as a kind of psychological touchstone that serves as a basis for one'sinterests, values, attitudes, desires, etc. This is the meaning captured in terms like egocentric, egoistic, and egotistical.A label for a child who scores below the normal range on a standard IQ test and although formally still classified as mentally retarded can still profit from education and instruction. Contrast with trainable mentally retarded (TMR), which is used for those considered to be sufficiently below normal so as not to be able to profit from a standard education but who can be trained in a minimally demanding skill. Generally theIQ range for the EMR is 50-69; the TMR label is reserved for those scoring between 35 and 49. Current terminology for EMR includes Mild Mentally Handicapped or Disabled and for TMR, Moderate Mentally Handicapped or Disabled.See Intelligence quotient; Mental retardation.LVAL gAM1xY8oZ9A small group that focuses on intensive interpersonalinteractions (or encounters). The group usually has as its goals the removal of psychological barriers and defenses, achieving openness, honesty, and thewillingness to deal with the difficulties of emotional expression. Group members are encouraged to deal with here-and-now and to eschew intellectualization and personal history. Encounter groups and their use in psychotherapy began with the human potential movement.A record of the changes in electrical potential of the brain. Electrodes are generally attached to (or occasionally just under) the scalp, and the wavelike potentials are amplified and transferred to paper. Detailed EEG analyses have revealed that the brain undergoes systematic changesin the kinds of potential exhibited during various activities.The use of electroconvulsive shock as a therapeutic procedure for psychiatric disorders. The technique consists ofcapplying weak electric current (20-30 milliamps) to the temperofrontal region of the skull until a grand mal seizure results. The patient is sedated using an ultra-short-acting barbiturate, and a muscle relaxant is administered tominimize the intensity of the muscular reactions. ECT produces a period of drowsiness, temporary confusion, and disorientation, and a variety of memory deficits, some of which the patient recovers over time, although gaps may remain indefinitely. In the past there have been rigorous protests over the uncontrolled and unwarranted use of ECT, particularly in many large,understaffed mental institutions where its primary function is to produce docility in patients when they are threatened with it. While it has in the past been seen as a treatment of last resort for depressed people who do not respond to drug therapy, it is recently regaining some respectability.NLVAL]D^AM1xY8oZ9In psychology proper, the theory that behavior is motivated by approach toward pleasure and avoidance of pain. In ethics, the doctrine that the goal of human conduct ought to be the striving for pleasure and the avoidance of pain.An acronym for Erhard Seminar Training. A form of psychotherapy based on the theories of Werner Erhard (ne Jack Rosenberg, a one-time sales manager). The procedure consists of large group sessions of rather extraordinaryintensity. For up to 60 hours several hundred people are gathered in a large hall and subjected to physical privation, guided (some would say forced)meditation, and fervent diatribes on the EST way to get in touch with one's inner sense of personal responsibility. It would be remiss not to add here acautionary note -- the EST program is more of a mass psychological religion than a true therapeutic procedure (it has been called the McDonald's of Zen), and the pressure and intensity of an EST session holds genuine dangers for persons with severe emotional problems.American psychoanalyst born in Germany who studied with the Freudians and eventually became a professor of human development and lecturer on psychiatry at Harvard. Erikson is especially important for hisinvolvement with child development, his writings on the identity crisis, and his revision of Freud's psychosexual theory. The Ego Psychology of Eriksonrecasts Freudian theories into what is known as a psychosocial form, tracing the child's development into adulthood through trust/distrust, autonomy/shame and doubt, initiative/guilt, industry/inferiority, personal identity/roleconfusion, intimacy/isolation, creativity/stagnation, and egointegrity/despair. Each stage is representative of a critical point indevelopment, and a positive adaptation (i.e., to trust rather than distrust, which the child learns from the first encounter with the parents) at each stageis instrumental in attaining mental health in adulthood.RLVAL}@bgAM1xY8oZ9k?)A debate of long standing over the relative contributions of experience (nurture, environment, learning) and inheritance (nature, heredity, genetic predisposition) to the makeup of an organism, especially a human organism.An excessive focusing of emotional attachment to the father. The term implies a rigid focusing, so that there is difficulty in shifting affective attention away from the father to other more socially accepted persons. The equivalent process centered on the female parent is called, notsurprisingly, mother fixation.To treat this broad and varied spectrum of contemporary psychology and psychologists, it is necessary to have a brief butworking knowledge of existentialism, a philosophical movement of the twentiethcentury. Simply put, existentialism contends that a human lives in an unknowable universe, that he or she must make choices and assume responsibility for decisions, and that he or she must exercise free will without living under absolute certainties of right or wrong. Existential psychology is based on thepremise that existence takes precedence over essence, that nothing is determined, and that freedom of choice is paramount. This school does not dealwith abstractions and opposes the intellectualism of classic psychoanalysis. Existential therapy has no rigid set of tenets in its approach to mentalhealth. Most therapists are in general eclectic and in particular adhere to existential doctrine. Since being is prime in the movement, the interactionof the patient to the inner and outer world is deeply explored, with the knowledge that he or she is able to determine his or her own future. Because freedom of choice is stressed, a natural an