PmUlP @ @"Data.app)@ .12 7W@7;@O&I@ Orpheus0d@H& Aesculapius0   j AgamemnonAjax (Gr. Aias)0 @ YvBThe son of Peleus and the Nereid Thetis, and king of the Myrmidons, a Thessalian tribe. He is the hero of Homer's Iliad and became the prototype of the Greeks' conception of manly valor and beauty. He took part in the Trojan War on the side of the Greeks as their most illustrious warrior, and slew the Trojan hero Hector. Achilles had been dipped in the Styx by his mother, which rendered him invulnerable except in the heel by which she held him and where he was fatally wounded by an arrow shot by Paris, Hector's younger brother, or, according to another version of the story, by the god Apollo, who had assumedParis' shape.jAAesculapius The god of medicine. Son of Apollo and Coronis and father of Machaon. His foster father was the Centaur Chiron. He became a great healer, able to restore life to the dead. Alarmed by this, Pluto, the lord of the realm of the dead, induced Zeus to kill him. At the request of Apollo he was placed among the stars. His oracles on earth were numerous.AKing of Mycenae, brother of Menelaus and leader of the Greekexpedition against Troy. Because of his refusal to release Chryseis, Achilleswithdrew from the fight. Things went bad for the Greeks. Agamemnon, like mostof the other leaders, was wounded, but finally he managed to reconcileAchilles. After the return of the victorious Greek army, Agamemnon was killedby his wife's, Clytemnestra's, lover Aegisthus.ASon of Telamon; as a hero in the Trojan War second only toAchilles. He was sent to placate Achilles after the latter's quarrel with Agamemnon. He had an undecided encounter with the Trojan hero Hector and laterdefended and rescued the bodies of Patroclus and Achilles. He died by his ownhand after having seen the coveted armor of Achilles go to Ulysses. From hisblood sprang the Hyacinth, which bears the letters "ai" on it's leaves, the first letters of his name and also the Greek for "woe".BJapanese Sun Goddess Literally, "the great illuminating queen of heaven". Child of Izanami and Izanagu, the first man and woman of Shinto mythology. She is the mythological ancestress of the Japanese Imperial Family.Frequently shown in masculine dress and invoked before battle, she is also the goddess of weaving. After her brother, the moon god Tsukinoye, murdered her favorite lady in waiting, she hid in a cave. Without sun, the crops withered and died, and the Gods began to age. Finally, she was tricked into coming outby Ama-No-Uzume (literally, queen of laughter), who performed a bawdy dance.When she heard laughter, she followed the sound and saw Ama-No-Uzume dancing. Amaterasu laughed so hard she fell down and rolled out of the cave.:ASon of Nestor and friend of Achilles. He was chosen to break toAchilles the news of Patroclus' death. Antilochus himself was killed by Memnon, the son of Aurora and Tithonus. The three friends, Antilochus, Achilles, and Patroclus were buried in the same mound. Ulysses saw them walking together in the underworld.@Achates0tA faithful friend and companion of Aeneas. In Vergil's Aeneid he is often called fidus Achates "faithful Achates".AOne of the Titans, son of Uranus and Ge, father (by Rhea) of Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. He dethroned his father as ruler of the world, and was in turn dethroned by his son, Zeus or Jupiter. By the Romans he was identified with Saturn. AA Roman goddess, later identified with the Olympian Artemis, who was daughter of Zeus and Leto, and twin-sister of Apollo. She was the goddess of the moon and of hunting, protectress of women, and -- in earlier times at least-- the great mother goddess of Nature.]AThe god of love in Roman mythology (Lat. cupido, desire, passion), identified with the Greek Eros; son of Mercury and Venus. He is represented as a winged boy, carrying a bow and arrows. One legend says that he wets with blood the grindstone on which he sharpens his arrows. Cupid and Psyche is an episode in the Golden Ass of Apuleius. See Psyche. BNative American. According to this myth, corn was created when a warrior, who had gone into the forest seeking a vision to save his people from starvation, was met by a warrior woman dressed in silky white strands, who challenged him to wrestle with her. Not wanting to harm a woman, at first he was very gentle, until she told him that if he could not defeat her, she would kill him. After he had defeated the warrior woman in battle, she told him to take her body and bury it because it would become food for his people.yFUTeA-UAmbrosia0 !Celestial food used by the Gods. Amphitrite0  One of the Nereids. As the wife of Neptune, she was the successor to Tethys, the wife of Oceanus, who had been the Titan ruling over the watery element. She was a daughter of Nereus and Doris, and the mother of Triton.Anansi African Spider God0Intermediary god of the Ashanti, he helped to create the world by molding some of his spider webbing. He is a trickster dietywho gave mankind fire by tricking the gods. His mythology survives in the "Aunt Nancy" stories of the Old South. Andromache0  The wife of Hector and mother of Astyanax. After Hector's death and the fall of Troy she was allotted to Neoptolemus of Epirus, but eventually became the wife of Hector's brother Helenus. Andromeda0  The daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia. To placate Neptune she had to be chained to a rock, but was delivered by Perseus who married her and killed his rival Phineus. After death she was placed among the stars.Antigone0 ODaughter of Oedipus, and the Greek ideal of filial and sisterly fidelity.Antaeus0A gigantic wrestler (son of Earth and Sea, Ge and Poseidon), whosestrength was invincible so long as he touched the earth. Hercules succeeded in killing him by lifting him up from the earth and squeezing him to death.`CI - Clytemnestra0  The wife of Agamemnon, whom she and her paramour Aegisthusmurdered after his return from Troy. She was slain by her son Orestes. Corn Mother0    Cornucopia0  Also called the horn of plenty or the horn of Amalthaea. Accordingto one legend it was broken off the goat Amalthaea by the infant Jupiter, who endowed it with the magic power of becoming filled with whatever its owner wished, and gave it to his nurses.Crete0ROne of the largest islands of the Mediterranean Sea, lying south of the Cyclades.Cronus0Cupid0]YADaughter of King Acrisius of Argos who did not want her to marry and kept her imprisoned because he had been told that his daughter's son would killhim. Jupiter came to her in the disguise of a shower of gold and she became the mother of Perseus. She and her child were set adrift in a chest and saved by a fisherman on the island of Seriphos. ALiterally, those beyond the north wind. A happy people, living inthe north in blissful inaccessibility, in a land of sunshine and abundance, exempt from disease and the ravages of war. Their lives lasted a thousand years which they spent in the worship of Apollo.'AThe nymph of Diana, who, shunned by Narcissus, faded to nothing but a voice. She was punished by Juno because her prattling had prevented Jupiter'sirate wife from surprising him in the company of the nymphs; she was condemned never to speak first and never to be silent when anyone else spoke.BDaedalus Literally, the cunning worker. A personification of skill in the mechanical art; the patron of artists' and craftsmen's guilds. As the hero of legends and tales, Daedalus was an inventive Athenian, son of Metion and grandson of Erechtheus, who originated axes, awls, bevels, and the like. He was the architect who built the labyrinth for King Minos of Crete. Imprisoned in it himself, Daedalus fashioned wings for himself and his son Icarus and escaped to Sicily. Icarus fell into the sea, but his father reached Sicily safely. Daedalus also had a nephew, Perdix, of whose skill he was envious. He tried to kill him by pushing him off a tower but Minerva intervened, saving the boy's life by changing him into a partridge.AA happy land, where there is neither snow, nor cold, nor rain. Hither favored heroes like Menelaus, pass without dying, and live happy under the ruleof Rhadamanthus. In the Latin poets, Elysium is part of the lower world, and the residence of the shades of the blessed.C$$I-Cybele0Anatolian earth goddess. Cybele's priests were called Corybantes, and they ritually castrated themselves to make themselves more like her.Cyclopes0 Creatures with one circular eye in the middle of their foreheads, of whom Homer speaks as a gigantic and lawless race of shepherds in Sicily, who devoured human beings; they helped Vulcan to forge the thunderbolts of Zeus under Aetna.Daedalus0 !Danae0 YDaphne0A nymph, daughter of a river god and loved by Apollo, who killed his rival Leucippus. Daphne escaped and was later changed into a laurel or bay treewhich remained henceforth the favorite tree of the sun god.AA place of darkness through which the souls passed on their way to Hades. Hence loosely, the nether regions of which Proserpine and Pluto were therulers. Personified, Erebus was among the first beings, son of Chaos, brother of Nyx, and, dwelling in Hades, father of Aether and Day.AA daughter either of Phoenix or of Agenor, famed for her beauty.Jupiter in the form of a white bull carried her off and swam with her to the island of Crete. She was the mother of Minos, Rhadamanthus and Evandros andaccording to some forms of the legend, of the Minotaur.cE'E}~ Delphi0A town of Phocis at the foot of Mount Parnassus, famous for a temple ofApollo and an oracle which was silenced only in the 4th century a.d.Demeter0One of the great Olympian deites of Greece, identified with the Roman Ceres. She was the goddess of vegetation and the protectress of marriage.Persephone (Proserpine) was her daughter. See Proserpine.Diana0# Dido0The name given by Vergil to Elissa, founder and queen of Carthage. She fell in love with Aeneas, who was compelled by Mercury to leave the hospitablequeen. Elissa, in grief, burns herself to death on a funeral pyre.Dionysus0 Dionysus See Bacchus.Dryad0fA nymph whose life was bound up with that of a tree. Also calledhamadryad or in English, wood nymph.Echo0%'Electra0Daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. Electra, with the help of her brother, Orestes, avenged Clytemnestra's murder of Agamemnon by murdering, inturn, Clytemnestra and her new husband, Aegisthus."AThe goddess of discord, sister of Ares or Mars. At the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, Eris, being uninvited, threw into the gathering an apple bearing the inscription "For the Fairest", which was claimed by Juno, Venus and Minerva, Paris being called upon for judgement awarded it to Venus.jAEteocles and Polynices The two sons of Oedipus. After the expulsion of theirfather, they agreed to reign alternate years in Thebes. Eteocles took the firstturn, but at the close of the year refused to resign the scepter to his brother. This was the cause of the "Seven aganst Thebes" Eteocles and Polinices met in conbat andwas each slain by the others hand.C,~]QElysium0&Erebus0(Erinys0 See Fury.Eris0)"Eros0_The Greek god of love, the youngest of all the gods; equivalent to theRoman Cupid. See Cupid.Eteocles and Polynices0*j Eumenides0  Literally, the gracious ones. A euphemistic term, used by the Greeks to refer to the terrible Erinyes or Furies in order to propitiate them. See Fury.Europa0+AThe wife of Orpheus. Fleeing from an admirer, she was killed by a snake and borne to Tartarus, where Orpheus sought her and was permitted to bring her to earth if he would not look back at her following him. He could not resist, however, and Eurydice was forced to return to the shades.AThe Centaur, who, at the marriage feast of Pirithous with Hippodamia, became intoxicated and offered violence to the bride, thus causing the celebrated battle of the Lapithae and Centaurs. Eurytion was also the name of the giant guarding Geryon's cattle and slain by Hercules.AIn Roman mythology, a rural deity; son of Picus, grandson of Saturn and father of Acis, the suitor of Galatea, and of Latinus, the father of Lavinia. He, as well as Silvanus, came to be more and more identified with the Greek Pan, with whom he had many traits in common. His priests were the Luperci, his main festival the Lupercalia. When not viewed as an individual, he appeared inthe multiformity of the fauns, possibly under the influence of the Greek panes, satyrs, etc., in their relation with Pan.AWarrior goddess and goddess of marriage in Teutonic mythology. Wife of Odin, she was the mother of Baldur and a formidable warrior, often fighting beside Odin and Thor. She was the goddess to whom the Valkyries brought the fallen heroes before whisking them away to Valhalla. Loki frequently promised her to various giants and monsters in order to get his way. Friday is named after her.XAThe three goddesses determining the course of human life. They are described as daughters of Night -- to indicate the darkness and obscurity of human destiny -- or of Zeus and Themis, that is,"daughters of the just heavens". They were Clotho who spun the thread of life; Lachesis who held it and fixed its length; and Atropos who cut it off.AThe story is that Ino persuaded her husband, Athamas, that hisson Phryxus was the cause of a famine which desolated the land. Phryxus was ordered to be sacrificed but made his escape over sea on the winged ram,Chrysomallus, which had a golden fleece. At Colchis, he sacrificed the ram to Zeus and gave the fleece to King Aeetes. It later formed the quest of Jason'sArgonautic expedition, and was stolen by him.@1Eurydice0 -Eurynome0 "Female Titan, the wife of Ophion.Eurytion0 .Fates04XClotho0qOne of the three Fates daughter of Themis (Law) Her name signifies "spinner" She spins the thread of human life.oFaunus0/?zH8Freya00AThe personification of the Earth, called Tellus by the Romans;described as the first being that sprang from Chaos. She gave birth to Uranusand Pontus. Gaea and Uranus, that is Earth and Heaven, were the parents of theTitans. According to another story, Gaea, Erebus, and Love were the first ofbeings. By Gaea's powers plants potent for enchantment are produced. To her asto Neptune, Themis, and others prophetic influence was attributed.@bAthena (Athene)0`YAthens0fThe capital of Attica, about four miles from the sea, between the small rivers Cephissus and IIissus.@aAAres0XCalled Mars by the Romans. The Greek god of war and one of the great Olympian deities.@P @YApz: CTUVC logye_oralAA mighty Greek hero, son of Jupiter and Alemena, who took part in the expedition of the Argonauts and won immortality by accomplishing twelve featswhich are known as the Labors of Hercules. He was killed by Deianira, his wife, who gave him the fatal garment steeped in the blood of Nessus which she thought to be a love-spell. After death, Hercules was placed among the stars. He was worshiped as the god of physical strength. See also Labors of Hercules; Pillars of Hercules.AThe son of Theseus. He repulsed the advances of his stepmother Phaedra, the daughter of Minos, who thereupon managed to arouse falsely the jealousy of her husband. At Theseus' request Neptune frightened Hippolytus'horses, thus causing a fatal accident. When the innocence of the youth became evident, Aesculapius with the help of Diana restored him to life, and Phaedracommitted suicide.CE<EmQEGraces0Three goddesses who enhanced the enjoyments of life by refinement and gentleness; they were Aglaia (brilliance), Euphrosyne (joy), and Thalia (bloom).Grail or Graal0The Holy Grail or Sangreal is the cup from which the Saviourdrank at the Last Supper. It was taken by Joseph of Arimathea to Europe, whereit was lost. Its recovery became the sacred quest for King Arthur's knights.Gryphon or Griffin0A fabulous animal, with the body of a lion and the head andwings of an eagle, dwelling in the Rhipaean mountains, between the Hyperboreansand the one-eyed Arimaspians, and guarding the gold of the North.Hades0Originally, the god of the nether world. Later the name was used to designate the gloomy subterranean land of the dead. After the river Styx; also called Stygian realm..Halcyone0 Daughter of Aeneas and wife of Ceyx. When Ceyx was drowned, she flew to his floating body, and the pitying gods changed them both into birds, kingfishers, who nest at sea during a certain calm week in winter, the "halcyone days".OAA solar deity; doorkeeper of heaven and patron of the beginning and end of things. He had two faces, one for the rising sun and one for sunset. The first month of the year was named for him. The gates of his temples were kept open in time of war. He was the builder of the Janiculum, which Aeneas saw when he set foot on Italian soil.A?Hercules0 6Hero and Leander0Hero, a priestess of Venus, fell in love with Leander, who swam across the Hellespont every night to visit her. One night he was drowned, and heartbroken Hero drowned herself in the same sea. Hippolyta0  = Hippolytus0  >AEgyptian goddess of magic, wife of Osiris, sister of Nephtys. As the Egyptian goddess of magic, she was invoked by the priests of ancient Egypt. In her most famous myth, her brother Set, jealous of her husband, Osiris, murdered him and tore his body into 14 pieces so that Isis would not be able to find them. With her sister Nephtys, she roamed all of Egypt until she found the pieces. Putting them back together, she embalmed him and gave him a proper burial.lBThe beautiful daughter of Inachus, king of Argos. Jupiter, who had been flirting with her, changed her into a heifer to conceal her from Juno. Argus, who had a hundred eyes, was charged by Juno to watch the heifer. Mercury, at Jupiter's request, killed Argos, and Juno sent a gadfly to chase the heifer allover the world. On the Nile Io finally recovered her shape and was returned to her family after Jupiter had promised not to pay her any more attentions. Iowas by Jupiter the mother of Epaphus, the ancestor of Aegyptus, Damaus, Cepheus, and Phineus. In the allegorical interpretation of mythology Io is the moon.aASon of the Thessalian king Aeson and nephew of the usurper Pelias. He took part in the Calydonian Hunt and was the leader of the Argonautic expedition to secure the Golden Fleece from Aeetes, king of Colchis. This he accomplished with the help of Aeetes' daughter Medea, whom he married and later deserted for the Corinthian princess Creusa. See Medea.AAfrican god of crossroads. Literally, "tricky spirit". He is the son of Yemoja, the sea goddess, and Obatala, the sky god of Nigerian mythology. He isusually portrayed as a court jester and brings messages from the gods to man. (See Mercury.) In African art, he is portrayed wearing traveling clothes inblack and red. These are not his colors, but the colors of his best friends, Oggun (god of iron) and Chango (god of thunder).@ YED5Hermes0 See Mercury. Hippomenes0  The youth who won Atalanta in a foot race, beguiling her with golden apples thrown for her to pick up. Failing to thank Venus, he was changed into a lion, as was also his bride.Homer0)The blind poet of Greece, about 850 b.c.Horus, The Elder (Hor)0Egyptian sky god. He was usually represented as a falcon and his eyes were the sun and the moon. He was the god of goodness and light, and Egyptian kings were believed to be incarnations of him.Horus, The Younger0Egyptian god, born to Isis and Osiris. Best known as the avenger of Osiris, he fought Set (Osiris's brother and murderer) and returned him to the desert. Horus is usually portrayed as a child suckling at Isis's breast.Hydra0A monster of the Lernean marshes, in Argolis. It had nine heads, and it was one of the twelve labors of Hercules to kill it. As soon as he struck off one of its heads, two shot up in its place.Hygeia2iGoddess of health and daughter of Aesculapius. Her symbol was a serpent drinking from a cup in her hand. Hyperboreans0  C C9zHyperion0 A Titan, son of Uranus and Ge, father of Helios, Selene, and Eos,precursor of Apollo the sun god. He was the owner of the island of Thrinakia where Lampetia and Phaethusa tended his cattle.Icarus0The son of Daedalus. He flew with his father from Crete; but the sunmelted the wax with which his wings were fastened on, and he fell into the sea, hence called the Icarian.IIiad0&Epic poem of the Trojan War by Homer.IIium0 See Troy.Io0FlIthaca0"The home of Ulysses and Penelope.Janus0GOJason0AaC:*~Q%AIsis0Hiris0Goddess of the rainbow; the messenger of the gods when they intendeddiscord. The rainbow is the bridge or road let down from heaven for heraccommodation.Jove0QAnother name of Jupiter, the latter being Jovis pater, father Jove. SeeJupiter.Juno2The "venearable ox-eyed" wife of Jupiter, and queen of heaven, of Roman mythology. She is identified with the Greek Hera, was the special protectress of marriage and of woman, and was represented as a war goddess.Jupiter0@ Khnum0gEgyptian creator god. He created humankind out of clay and is frequently depicted at a potter's wheel.AChinese goddess of compassion. She is frequently depicted in Chinese statues as sitting on a lotus flower, sometimes carrying a child in her arms. She was one of the first goddesses assimilated into Buddhist culture, and she is called the "Buddha of Compassion" because she sacrificed her treasures in heaven to come to the aid of mankind. In the famous Chinese saga The Journey to the West, which talks about the journey of a T'ang priest and his disciple the Monkey King she frequently comes to their aid.[BThe twelve tasks which won Hercules immortality. They were:(1) to slay the Nemean lion; (2) to kill the Lernean hydra; (3) to catch the Arcadian stag; (4) to destroy the Erymanthian boar; (5) to cleanse the stables of King Augeas; (6) to destroy the cannibal birds of the Lake Stymphalis; (7) to capture the Cretan bull; (8) to catch the horses of the Thracian Diomedes;(9) to get possession of the girdle of Queen Hippolyta of thc Amazons; (10) to capture the oxen of the monster Geryon; (11) to get possession of the apples ofthe Hesperides; (12) to bring up from Hades the monstrous dog Cerberus.NAOne of the Gorgons. Once a beautiful maiden, a goddess punished her by changing her hair into serpents and herself into a frightful monster, the sight of which turned all living things into stone. Perseus cut off her head which was then fixed in Minerva's Aegis. From her blood sinking into the earth, the winged horse Pegasus arose.O@iTable1ColA1 ColB1ColA3ColB3 Index1ColA1 @P @YApz: CTUVC the moon.QThe queen of the Amazons who consented to yield her girdle toHercules and was slain by him when he thought erroneously that she had betrayed him. Hippolyta is also given instead of Antiope as the name of the queen of theAmazons whom Theseus espoused.Hippolytus The son of Theseus. He repulsed the advances of his stepmotherPhaedra, the daughter of Minos, who thereupon managed to arouse falsely thejealousy of her husband. At Theseus' request Neptune frightened Hippolytus'horses, thus causing a fatal accident. When the innocence of the youth becameevident, Aesculapius with the help of Diana restored him to life, and Phaedracommitted suicide.Hippomenes The youth who won Atalanta in a foot race, beguiling her withgolden apples thrown for her to pick up. Failing to thank Venus, he was changedinto a lion, as was also his bride.Homer The blind poet of Greece, about 850 b.c.Horus The Elder (Hor) Egyptian sky god. He was usually represented as a falconand his eyes were the sun and the moon. He was the god of goodness and light,and Egyptian kings were believed to be incarnations of him.Horus The Younger Egyptian god, born to Isis and Osiris. Best known as theavenger of Osiris, he fought Set (Osiris's brother and murderer) and returnedhim to the desert. Horus is usually portrayed as a child suckling at Isis'sbreast.Hydra A monster of the Lernean marshes, in Argolis. It had nine heads, and itwas one of the twelve labors of Hercules to kill it. As soon as he struck offone of its heads, two shot up in its place.Hygeia Goddess of health and daughter of Aesculapius. Her symbol was a serpentdrinking from a cup in her hand.Hyperboreans Literally, those beyond the north wind. A happy people, living inthe north in blissful inaccessibility, in a land of sunshine and abundance,exempt from disease and the ravages of war. Their lives lasted a thousand yearswhich they spent in the worship of Apollo.Hyperion A Titan, son of Uranus and Ge, father of Helios, Selene, and Eos,precursor of Apollo the sun god. He was the owner of the island of Thrinakiawhere Lampetia and Phaethusa tended his cattle.Icarus The son of Daedalus. He flew with his father from Crete; but the sunmelted the wax with which his wings were fastened on, and he fell into the sea,hence called the Icarian.Iliad Epic poem of the Trojan War by Homer.Ilium See Troy.Io The beautiful daughter of Inachus, king of Argos. Jupiter, who had beenflirting with her, changed her into a heifer to conceal her from Juno. Argus,who had a hundred eyes, was charged by Juno to watch the heifer. Mercury, atJupiter's request, killed Argos, and Juno sent a gadfly to chase the heifer allover the world. On the Nile Io finally recovered her shape and was returned toher family after Jupiter had promised not to pay her any more attentions. Iowas by Jupiter the mother of Epaphus, the ancestor of Aegyptus, Damaus,Cepheus, and Phineus. In the allegorical interpretation of mythology Io is themoon.Iris Goddess of the rainbow; the messenger of the gods when they intendeddiscord. The rainbow is the bridge or road let down from heaven for heraccommodation.Isis Egyptian goddess of magic, wife of Osiris, sister of Nephtys. As theEgyptian goddess of magic, she was invoked by the priests of ancient Egypt. Inher most famous myth, her brother Set, jealous of her husband, Osiris, murderedhim and tore his body into 14 pieces so that Isis would not be able to findthem. With her sister Nephtys, she roamed all of Egypt until she found thepieces. Putting them back together, she embalmed him and gave him a properburial.Ithaca The home of Ulysses and Penelope.Janus A solar deity; doorkeeper of heaven and patron of the beginning and endof things. He had two faces, one for the rising sun and one for sunset. Thefirst month of the year was named for him. The gates of his temples were keptopen in time of war. He was the builder of the Janiculum, which Aeneas saw whenhe set foot on Italian soil.Jason Son of the Thessalian king Aeson and nephew of the usurper Pelias. Hetook part in the Calydonian Hunt and was the leader of the Argonauticexpedition to secure the Golden Fleece from Aeetes, king of Colchis. This heaccomplished with the help of Aeetes' daughter Medea, whom he married and laterdeserted for the Corinthian princess Creusa. See Medea.Jove Another name of Jupiter, the latter being Jovis pater, father Jove. SeeJupiter.Juno The@From Jovis pater, "father Jove". Also called Jove and, in Greek, Zeus. The supreme deity of classical antiquity, father of gods and men; son of Saturnand Rhea, brought up by the daughters of King Melisseus of Crete on the milk of the goat Amalthea, escaped the fate of his brothers and sisters who wereswallowed by their father, defeated the Titans and banished them to Tartarus, and installed himself with his wife, Juno, on Olympus, where Themis (Law)occupies a place near his throne. He is the father of Vulcan by Juno, of the Muses by Mnemosyne, of Apollo by Latona, of Mercury by Maia, of Rhadamanthus and Minos by Europa, of Perseus by Danae, of Hercules by Alemena, of Castor,Pollux, Helen, and Clytemnestra by Leda, of Bacchus by Semele, of Amphion by Antiope, etc., and of Minerva, who sprang from his head without a mother. In his flirtations, as with IoP and Callisto, he is troubled by Juno's jealousy and appears often in the shape of an animal. He carries away Europa as a bull, appears before Leda as a swan, and escapes the monsters in the shape of a ram.Jupiter wields the thunder and has used it to kill Phaeton, Aesculapius, Capaneus, and many others. He has the power to place mortals among the stars and did so, for instance, in the case of Chiron, Orpheus, and the Pleiades. His activities are varied and numerous. He created woman and sent her as a punishment to Prometheus; he brought about the Deucalian Flood; he fastened the floating island of Delos; instituted the Olympian games, etc. His oracle was atDodona. He was identified with the Egyptian god Amen as Jupiter Ammon. The Sibylline books were kept in his temple at Rome. His statue by Phidias is knownas the Olympian Jupiter.HBGreek king, father of Oedipus, he was cursed by the gods because he raped the young son of a neighboring king. Because of his crime, Apollo cursed him; telling him that his son would murder him and marry his mother. In order to avoid this, he sent a footman with his son, Oedipus, into the wilderness with orders that the child be left on a mountaintop to die. The footman felt pity on the baby, and gave it to a nearby shepherd, who raised him as his own son. Oedipus, at maturity, met his father on the road and, not knowing who hewas, killed him, thereby fulfilling the prophecy.!DIKwan-Yin0 JLabors of Hercules0; [Laius0KHLatinus0In Roman legend, a king of Latium, the son of Faunus and father of Lavinia. He was told in a dream by his father that his daughter's union with a foreigner would produce a race destined to subdue the world. That foreigner was Aeneas.Leda0Wife of Tyndareus and mother of Helen, Clytemnestra, Castor and Pollux. In later legends the father of her children was the Swan, under which disguise Jupiter concealed himself.Legba0NLethe0One of the rivers of Hades, which the souls of all the dead taste, that they may forget everything said and done when alive. Gr. letho, latheo, lanthano, to cause persons not to know.ANorse god of fire. In Norse mythology, it is Loki who sets the wheel of fate in motion, causing many problems along the way. Loki was originally a friend of the other gods, sometimes helping them (as in the case of Thor's hammer) or harming them (Loki's murder of Baldur). During Ragnarok (The Twilight of the Gods mentioned in Warner's operas), he sided with the giantsand wolves who were destroying the castle in which the gods lived.AA Greek athlete of the last part of the sixth century b.c. He was born in Crotona and led the triumphant army of his native city against the city of Sybaris in 510 b.c. He won six prizes as a wrestler at the Olympic games, six more at the Pythian games, and crowned his glories by carrying a four-year-oldheifer through a huge stadium, then killing it and eating it all in a single day. He was eaten by wolves while his hands were caught in a split tree whichhe had tried to tear apart.PAThe Roman goddess of wisdom, patroness of the arts and trades, sprung fully armed from the head of Jupiter. She is identified with the Greek Athene, and was one of the three chief deities, the others being Jupiter and Juno. The most famous statue of this goddess was by Phidias, and was anciently one of the Seven Wonders of the World.cAThe son of Cephisus; a beautiful youth who saw his reflection in a fountain, and thought it the presiding nymph of the place. He gradually pined away for love of this unattainable spirit, and nothing remained but a flower which the nymphs called by his name. He was beloved by Echo and his fate was a punishment for his cruel indifference to her passion.DGreek hero and king. Son of Laius and Jocasta. Because of a curse placed upon his father, Laius, Oedipus was sent into the wilderness, not knowing that he was the son of royalty. On the road to Thebes, he met Laius, who demanded that Oedipus get out of the way. In the ensuing argument, Oedipuskilled his father. Once he arrived at Thebes, he answered the riddle of the Sphinx and was unknowingly allowed to marry Jocasta, Queen of Thebes and hismother. They had four children -- Ismene, Antigone, Eteocles, and Polynices. When a plague struck Thebes, the Delphic oracle (the oracle of Apollo) declaredthat until the murderer of Laius was found, the plague would continue. It was then that Tiresias, the blind seer of Thebes, revealed to Oedipus who he reallywas. His wife and mother, Jocasta, hung herself in remorse at her unknowingcrime, and Oedipus blinded himself with the pins from her gown. Oedipus fled toColonus with his two daughters and was welcomed there. However, Creon, Laius'sbrother and the new king, kidnapped Ismene and Antigone. It was at Colonus thatOedipus was taken into heaven by the gods. His daughters remained with Creon,while his grown sons, Eteocles and Polynices, fought over the kingdom and eventually killed one another in battle.AThe son of Priam and king of Troy, an Hecuba; through his abduction of Helen he is the cause of the Trojan War. It was he who awarded the Apple of Discord and the title of "fairest" to Venus, who in return assisted him to carry off Helen, for whom he deserted his wife, Oenone. At Troy, Paris earned the contempt of all by his cowardice; he killed Achilles with a poisoned arrowand suffered the same fate at the hands of Philoctetes when the city was taken.YAThe goddess of wisdom and of the arts and sciences in Greek mythology, corresponding to the Roman Minerva She sprang full-armoured from the head of Zeus. Athens was called after her as the result of acontest in which the prize went to the deity that has bestowed upon man hte most useful boon.Athene's was the olive tree;Neptune's the horse.!AJupiter saved the child which was prematurely born by sewing it up in his thigh until it came to maturity. His foster father was Selinus. Bacchus entered Thebes in a chariot drawn by elephants, and, according to some accounts he married Adriadne after Theseus had deserted her in Naxos. Ajealous of Baldur's popularity with the gods remembered this and dared a blind man to throw a sprig of miseltoe at Baldur. Baldur instantly fell dead. However, he was resurected after Ragnarok and placed in charge of the new earth that had sprung from the disaster.JAbrothers of Clymenestra and Helen, who they rescued when she was carried off by Theseus. During their war with Idas and Lynceus, Castor was slain. Pollux being inconsolable. Jupiter placed both brothers among the stars. They are also known as the Dioscuri (the sons of Zeus) Tyndaridae after Tyndareus their mother's husband.APoor cottagers of Phrygia, husband and wife, who entertained Jupiter so hospitably that he promised to grant them whatever request they made. They asked that both might die together. Philemon became anoak, Baucis a linden tree, and their branches intertwined at the top.BfA-Aurora0)Identical with Eos, goddess of the dawn.BacchusIn Roman mythology, the god of wine, the Dionysus of the Greeks, son of Jupiter and Semele, also known as Libus. Semele, at the suggestion of Juno, asked Jupiter to appear before her in all his glory, but the foolish requestproved her death.Fe!Baldur Norse sun god. Son of Freya and Odin, he was compassionate to a fault. At his birth, which was witnessed by all living beings, Freya made them all individually swear not to harm her son. The one object she forgot to ask was mistletoe. Loki,A g dCh$%Baucis0See Philemon and Baucis. Bellerophon0  |A grandson of Sisyphus. Riding on Pegasus he slew the fire-breathing Chimaera. He was worshipped as a demigod at Corinth.Bellona0EThe Roman goddess of war, represented as the sister or wife of Mars.Boreas A personification of the north wind. He tried to be gentle with the nymph Orithyia, whom he loved dearly, but he could not breathe soothingly orsigh softly, and, true to his real character, he carried her off and became by her the fatherF ^of Zetes and Calais. Boreas is sometimes called a son of Aeolus, the ruler of the winds who lived in a cave in Mount Haemus in Thrace. AOne of the Cyclopes, a giant with only one eye in the middle of his forehead, who lived in Sicily. He was in love with Galatea and crushed his successful rival Acis with a rock. He was blinded by Ulysses, whom he had taken prisoner with twelve members of his crew.`Dm$H5eCassandra The daughter of Priam and Hecuba, gifted with the power of prophecy; but Apollo, whose advances she had refused, brought it to pass that no one believed her predictions, although they were invariably correct, as in the case of theA  coming of the Greeks.Castor and Pollux Twin brothers, offspring of Leda and Jupiter in the guise of a swan. Castor was famous as a horseman. Pollux as a pugilist. They accompanied the Argonauts and became the patron deities of seamen and voyagers. They were theAk JCerberus Watch dog at the entrance to Hades; offspring of Typhaon and Echidna; generally represented with three heads, a mane of serpents' heads and a serpent's tail.A  Ceres The Roman name of Mother Earth, the protectress of agriculture and of all the fruits of the earth; later identified with the Greek Demeter.ABpD@Circe A sorceress, sister of Aeetes, who lived in the island of Aeaea. When Ulysses landed there, Circe turned his companions into swine, but Ulysses resisted the metamorphosis by virtue of a herb called moly, given him byMercury.F :ArialClio01One of the nine Muses, the patroness of history.Harmonia The daughter of Venus and Mars; given by Jupiter in marriage toCadmus of Thebes. Vulcan's wedding gift to her was a necklace which proved fatal to all its successive owners.F @o Bq@@Harpies Winged monsters, half women, half birds, armed with sharp claws, and defiling everything they touched. They were driven away by the Argonauts from their victim Phineus and withdrew to an island where Aeneas found them, one ofA  them predicting dire sufferings for the Trojans. In the legends of Charlemagne, Astolpho freed King Senapus of Abyssinia from the Harpies who had blinded him and snatched away his food.HebeThe goddess of youth, and cup-bearer of the immortals before Ganymede superseded her. She was the wife of Hercules, and had the power of making the aged young again.3Ev$QYHector Eldest son of Priam, the noblest of all the Trojan chieftains in Homer's Iliad. After holding out for ten years, he was slain by Achilles, who dragged the dead body thrice around the walls of Troy.A Hecuba In Homer's Iliad, second wife of Priam, and mother of nineteen children, including Hector. When Troy was taken by the Greeks she fell to the lot of Ulysses. She was afterwards metamorphosed into a dog, and threw herself into the sea.A Helen of TroyThe daughter of Zeus and Leda, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta. She eloped with Paris and brought about the destruction of Troy, which forms the subject of Homer's Iliad. After the Trojan War Helen returned toA qMenelaus. Later legends state that Helen did not accompany Paris all the way to Troy but was detained in Egypt.Helenus In Vergil's Aeneid, the prophet, the only son of Priam that survivedthe fall of Troy. He was allowed to marry Andromache, his brother Hector's widow.F ERHeliosAncient Greek sun god. He drove his chariot from East to West each day. The center of his worship was Rhodes. His position as sun god was gradually assumed by Apollo.3FuI m}YkHera The Greek Juno, daughter of Cronus and Rhea, the wife and sister of Zeus. The word means chosen one.AeNemesis The goddess of just distribution. Because of her persecution of the excessively rich or proud, she came to be regarded as a goddess of retributive justice. She was represented with wings, the wheel of fortune, in aC [chariot drawn by griffins, and was often confused with Adrastea goddess of the inevitable.Nephtys Egyptian goddess of the desert, sister of Isis, mother of Anubis. Although she was the wife of Set, he could not give her children, and so with Isis's help, she bore a son (Anubis) by Osiris. After Osiris's murder she left Set in disgust andA  joined the house of Isis.Neptune0AThe Roman god of the sea, corresponding with the Greek Poseidon.Nereids Sea nymphs, beautiful daughters of Nereus and Doris. They were fifty(or one hundred) in number; they played, danced, and were wooed by the Tritons. The most famous were Amphitrite, Thetis, and Galatea.F E Nestor A king of Pylos, son of Neleus, renowned for his wisdom, justice, and knowledge of war, the oldest councilor of the Greeks before Troy.A AzePelias0}Jason's uncle, who usurped the Argonaut's kingdom, promising to return it to him if Jason would bring him the Golden Fleece.Penelope0 The wife of Ulysses, who, waiting twenty years for his return from the Trojan War, put off the suitors for her hand by promising to choose one when her weaving was done, but unravelled at night what she had woven by day.AIn Greek legend, king of Troy when that city was sacked by the Greeks, husband of Hecuba, and father of fifty sons and many daughters, among whom were Hector, Helenus, Paris, Deiphobus, Agenor, Polyxena, Troilus, Cassandra, and Polydorus. When Hector was slain, the old King went to the tent of Achilles and made a successful plea for the body of his dead son. After the gates of Troy were thrown open by the Greeks concealed in the wooden horse, Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, slew the aged Priam.@~ Polyphemus0   Priam0Pleiades0 5Seven of Diana's nymphs who were changed into stars.Plutus0In Greek mythology, the son of Iasion and Demeter. He was associated with Irene, the goddess of peace. Jupiter blinded him to make sure that he would bestow his gifts indiscriminately on good men and bad.VALiterally, forethought One of the Titans, son of Iapetus and Clymene. Jupiter entrusted him with the task of making men out of mud and water. Out of pity for their state, he gave them fire, stealing it from heaven, and was punished by being chained to Mount Caucasus, where an eagle preyed on his liver. He was finally released by Hercules.+AA beautiful maiden, personification of the human soul, sought by Cupid (Love), to whom she responded. She lost him through curiosity, wanting to see him though he only came to her by night, but was finally, through his prayers, made immortal, and restored to him. Psyche is a symbol of immortality.GALover of Thisbe, his nextdoor neighbor. Their parents opposing, they talked through cracks in the housewall, and agreed to meet in the near-by woods. There Pyramus, finding a bloody veil and thinking Thisbe slain, killed himself, and she, seeing his body, killed herself. (Burlesqued in Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream).BPoseidon0 The Greek god of the sea; son of Cronus and Rhea, brother of Zeus and Pluto, husband of Amphitrite. In Roman mythology, he became assimilated to Neptune. See Neptune. Procrustes0  A robber of Attica who seized travelers and bound them on his iron bed, stretching the short ones and cutting short the tall. Thus he was served himself by Theseus.Rhea0A female Titan, wife of Cronus, her brother, and Mother of the Gods, for example, of Jupiter, Neptune, Juno, Ceres, etc. She became identified with the Asiatic Cybele. Prometheus0  VrAWith his twin brother, Remus, the legendary founder of Rome. They were sons of Mars and Rhea Silvia. They were suckled by a she-wolf, and eventuallyset about founding a city but quarrelled over the plans, and Remus was slain by his brother. Romulus was taken to the heavens by his father in a fiery chariot, and was worshipped by the Romans under the name of Quirinus.ARemus0&Twin brother of Romulus. See Romulus.Romanus0pRomanus In legend, the son of Histion, grandson of Japhet, great grandson of Noah, and ancestor of the Romans.Romulus0rSappho0fGreek poetess who leaped into the sea from the promontory of Leucadia in disappointed love for Phaon.AA sea-nymph beloved by Gilaucus, but changed by the jealous Circe to a monster and finally to a dangerous rock on the Sicilian coast, facing the whirlpool Charybdis. Many mariners were wrecked between the two. Also, the daughter of King Nisus of Megara, who loved Minos, besieging her father's city; he, however, disliked her disloyalty and drowned her. Also, a fair virgin of Sicily, friend to the sea-nymph Galatea.AEgyptian god of the desert, brother of Isis and Osiris, husband of Nephtys. Set was jealous and envious of his brother Osiris, and angered that he had been given the barren desert to reign while his brother was given the fertile Nile area. He therefore murdered Osiris and made sure to scatter thepieces so that Isis, with her magic, would not be able to find and bury him. Because of his crime he was banished to the desert forever.@D$Y-|q)USibyl0Any of a number of prophetesses whose special function it was to intercede with the gods on behalf of human supplicants. The most famous is the Cumaean Sibyl whom Aeneas consulted before descending to Avernus.Set0Sirens0Sea-nymphs, whose singing charmed mariners to leap into the sea; passing their island, Ulysses stopped the ears of his sailors with wax, and had himself lashed to the mast so that he could hear, but not yield to, their music.Sisyphus0 A legendary king of Corinth, condemned in Tartarus to perpetually roll up hill a big rock which, when the top was reached, rolled down again.Sirius02Orion's Dog, which was changed into the Dog-Star.Somnus0[In classic myth, the god of Sleep, the son of Night (Nox) and the brother of Death (Mors).( he was banished to the desert forever.DI9Q] Sagittarius0  A southern constellation, partly in the Milky Way, representing an archer (Lat. sagittarius, archer) who is identified as the Centaur Chiron, placed after his death among the stars by Jupiter. Also known by the English name Archer.Saturn0A Roman deity, identified with the Greek Cronus (time). He devoured all his children except Jupiter (air), Neptune (water), and Pluto (the grave). The reign of Saturn was celebrated by the poets as a Golden Age.Satyrs0ZA race of immortal goatmen who dwelt in the woodlands. The most famous satyr was Silenus.Silvanus or Sylvanus0In Roman mythology, the divine protector of woods, fields, cattle, etc. His characteristics were very much the same as those ofthe Greek Pan.Scylla0Seven against Thebes0Expedition of the An expedition against the city of Thebes by the heroes Adrastus (the only survivor), Polynices, Tydeus, Amphiaraus, Hippomedon, Capancus, and Parthenopaeus.AA son of Jupiter and Juno, husband of Venus, god of fire and the working of metals, identified with the Greek Hephaestus, and called also Mulciber, for example, the softener. His workshop was on Mount Etna where the Cyclops assisted him in forging thunderbolts for Jove.>BI1Thalia0rThe Muse of comedy and bucolic poetry. Thalia is also the name of one of the three Graces. It signifies blooming.Thebes0BThe chief city of Boeotia, Greece, founded by Cadmus, the Tyrian.Theseus0QChief hero of Attica; son of Aegeus and Aethra; a great hero of many adventures.Thetis0DThe chief of the Nereids. By Peleus she was the mother of Achilles./BWarrior god of thunder. The most popular of the Norse gods because of his patronage of sailors and laborers, who prayed to him for protection before going to work. With his hammer, he broke up the icy rivers each spring. In one of his myths, he dressed as a woman in order to fool the giants who had stolen his hammer. The giant demanded Freya in marriage in return for the magic hammer. So Thor, dressed as a young bride, went to the wedding as Freya. When the giant placed the hammer in the bride's lap, Thor leapt up from the seat and destroyed the giant.AA race of primordial deities, children of Heaven and Earth, finally overcome by the thunderbolts of rebellious Jupiter, who banished them to Tartarus, where they lie prostrate at the bottom of the pit. According to the oldest accounts there were twelve Titans, six male and six female: Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Cronus, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Tethys, Mnemosyne, Phoebe.Cd~m-Thor0 /Tiresias0 A Theban seer. He had seen Minerva bathing and was blinded by her. Relenting, but unable to withdraw the punishment, she compensated him by giving the gift of second sight. After his death, Ulysses, at the request of Circe, consulted him in Hades.Titans0Triton0The son of Neptune and Amphitrite, represented as a fish with a human head. It is this sea god that makes the roaring of the ocean by blowing through his shell.Trojans0Inhabitants of Troy, whose adventures under the leadership of Aeneas, after the fall of their city, form the subject matter of Vergil's Aeneid. Trojan Horse0  See Wooden Horse.AThe legendary war sung by Homer in the Iliad as having been waged for ten years by the confederated Greeks against the men of Troy and their allies, in consequence of Paris, son of Priam, the Trojan king, having carried off Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Lacedemon (or of Sparta). The last year of the siege is the subject of the Iliad; the burning of Troy, and the flight of Aeneas is told by Vergil in his Aeneid.AA fire-breathing monster, the father of the Sphinx, the Chimaera, and other monsters. He is often identified with Typhoeus, a son of Tartarus and Gaea, who begot the unfavorable winds or, according to other stories, is himself one of them. As a hundred-headed giant he warred against the gods and was banished by Jupiter to Tartarus under Mount Aetna. Typhon is also the name used by the Greeks for the Egyptian Set, the god of evil, who killed his brother (or father) Osiris.,CI Trojan War0  Troy0City in Asia Minor, held to be identical with the Greek Ilium. In Greek legend, the capital of King Priam and object of the Trojan War.Typhon0Ulysses0jThe Roman name of the Greek Odysseus, of hero of Homer's Odyssey, and a prominent character in the Iliad.Unicorn0(Latin unum cornu, one horn) A mythical animal, represented as having the legs of a buck, the tail of a lion, the head and body of a horse, and a single horn in the middle of its forehead. The oldest author that describes it is Ctesias (400 b.c.).nANorse demi-goddesses, daughters of Odin and Erda. They were nine in number, the most famous being Brunhilde, who was Odin's favorite. The Valkyries were trained as warriors by Odin and Thor themselves. They rode the heavens on winged horses searching the battlefields for warriors who had died bravely to bring into Valhalla, the final resting place of valiant men.\B@UUranus0[A personification of Heaven. The son of Gaea or Earth and by her the father of the Titans.Valhalla0 Hall of Warriors, a heavenly resting place for Norse warriors who had died bravely in battle. Warriors were chosen and carried to Valhalla by Valkyries, who were warrior demi-goddesses. There, they sat at tables and were given heavenly mead to drink. Valkyries0  nVenus02AChinese goddess of heaven and weaving. It is Wang Muyiang who gives the banquets attended by all in heaven. At the banquets, the peaches of immortality are served as dessert, as well as elixirs and potions of immortality. With her daughters, she weaves all of the garments of the Imperial Court of Heaven.@@MOvid2 YA Latin poet in the time of Augustus who wrote the poetical fables called Metamorphoses. of valiant men.DIn Roman mythology, the goddess of beauty and love. Originally of minor importance, she became through identification with the Greek Aphrodite one ofthe major characters in classical myths. She was the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. According to another view (influenced by association with the Greek termaphros, foam) she had sprung from the foam of the sea at Cyprus. Jupiter gave her in wedlock to Vulcan. She was the mother, by Vulcan, of Eros and Anteros; by Mars, of Harmonia; by Anchises, of Aeneas; etc. She wore a magic girdle which enabled its wearer to arouse love in others. She plays an important part in many legends and stories: she gave beauty as a gift to Pandora, the first woman; she fell in love with Adonis and after his death changed his blood intothe anemone; she first objected and finally consented to her son Cupid's (Eros) love for Psyche; she had Atalanta and Hippomenes changed into lions; she consoled Ariadne and gave her Bacchus as her husband; she competed against Juno and Minerva for the apple of discord and was given the prize by Paris; she destined Helen, the wife of Menelaus, for Paris and caused thus the Trojan war; she sided with the Trojans against the Greeks and enlisted the help of her admirer Mars; etc.=Atwo of his uncles lost their lives.According to another legend Atalanta had been warned by an oracle not to marry. In order to make things difficult for her suitors she promised to be the prize in a race. She lost the race to Hippomenes, who forgot to thank Venus and was changed into a lion as was also his bride.A] !Atalanta A beautiful maiden who participated in the Calydonian boar hunt. When Meleager bestowed on her as trophies the head and the hide of the boar which he had killed, she became the innocent cause of a conflict in which Meleager andO  F=Arcadia0nA district of the Peloponnesus which, according to Vergil, was the home of pastoral simplicity and happiness.ALiterally, the all-gifted. The first woman, dowered with gifts byevery god, yet entrusted with a box she was cautioned not to open. Curious, she opened it, and out flew all the ills of humanity, leaving behind only hope, which remained. She is to be compared with Eve.&AEgyptian god of the dead, brother of Set and Nephtys, husband of Isis, father of Horus the Younger. Osiris was the god of vegetation, until his death at the hands of his brother. Out of compassion for his sister Nephtys, who was childless, he lay with her in order that she might have a child.dAA Thracian poet, son of Apollo and Calliope, whose music moved eveninanimate objects. He took part in the Argonautic expedition and appeased a storm. When his wife, Eurydice, died, he charmed Pluto, who released her on condition that he would not look back. He did turn round and lost her again. He perished, torn to pieces by infuriated Thracian maenads.AKing of the Aeolian islands, father of Halcyone; appointed by Jupiterkeeper of the winds and later considered to be the wind god. He received Ulysses hospitably and gave him, tied up and made harmless in a leather bag,all the ill winds which were later let out by his companions.B IAchilles0  vActaeon0A celebrated huntsman, son of Aristaeus and Autonoe, the daughter ofCadmon. Having seen Diana bathing, he was changed by her into a stag and tornto pieces by his own dogs.Adonis0A beautiful youth, beloved by Venus. When he was killed by a wild boar,Venus changed his blood into the flower which is still called Adonis after him.oAeolus0 DF>IMSADaughter of Pelias, wife of Admetus, who had won her by driving a chariot drawn by lions and boars. When Admetus fell ill, Alcestis saved his life by agreeing to die in his stead. Hercules saved her by laying in wait for Death, whom he forced to abandon his prey. According to another version, Persephone released her from the underworld.@A word of unknown origin, interpreted by the Greeks as signifying "without breast". A legendary race of warlike women forming a state from which men were excluded, and dwelling on the coast of the Black Sea. Many Greek heroes got involved with them. One of Hercules' labors was the task t(o fetch the girdle of the Amazon Queen Hippolyta, whom he had to kill in the process.Theseus carried off the Amazon Queen Antiope and had to give battle to her female warriors in the heart of Athens. Achilles slew the Amazon Queen Penthesilea who had come to the assistance of the Trojans.@$Amazons0 IAlcestis0 S Amaterasu0   LCl$ CeridwenWelsh mother goddess, and mother of the famous bard Taliesin. She is usually portrayed stirring a cauldron, which contains simmering herbs that grant wisdom to the drinker. She is featured briefly in The Mabinogion, a collection of Welsh myths.A Chaos Original Confusion in which earth, sea, and air were mixed up together.It was personified by the Greeks as the most ancient of the gods. The egg of Nyx, the daughter of Chaos, was floating on Chaos and from it arose the world.FHsCharon The son of Erebos, who conveyed in his boat the shades of the dead across the rivers of the lower regions.O kC(B$A Pallas Athene0  See Minerva.Pan0GCalled Faunus by the Romans, the Greek god of nature and the universe.Pandora0Pantheon0 7The gods, goddesses, and mythical heroes of a culture. Parthenon0  SThe great temple on the Acropolis at Athens to Athene Parthenos(i.e.,the Virgin).RAA famous archer, to whom Hercules, at death, gave his arrows. He joined the Greeks against Troy but was left behind on Lemnos because of the offensive smell of a festering wound. An oracle having declared that only the arrows of Hercules could fell Troy, Philoctetes was sent for. He went to Troy, slew Paris, and the prophecy came true.C()Do@!Charybdis A sea monster which sucked in and discharged the sea three times a day in a terrible whirlpool. Charybdis was a maiden above but ended in a fish begirt with dogs. Together with Scylla she was placed in the Strait of Messina.A  Chimaera A fire-breathing monster of divine origin. It was part lion, part goat, and part dragon. It dwelled in Lycia and was finally killed by Bellerophon bridling Pegasus with a golden bridle given him by Minerva. AeneasA  #found it into the inferno regions.Chiron The wisest of the centaurs, son of Cronos and Philyra. He wasinstructed by Apollo and Diana and became in turn the teacher of Aesculapius and many distinguished Grecian heroes. He helped Peleus to win the hand of the goddess Thetis.8>vOn his death he was placed by Jupiter among the stars where he appears in the shape of the constellation Sagittarius.BA sorceress, daughter of Aeetes, king of Colchis and possessor of the Golden Fleece. By her sorcery she helped Jason to secure the Golden Fleece. As Jason's wife, she rejuvenated her father-in-law Aeson and killed Jason's uncle Pelias. When Jason deserted her to marry the Corinthian princess Creusa, Medea sent her a poisoned robe, killed her own and Jason's children, and, after setting fire to the palace, escaped to Athens, where she married Aegeus, thefather of Theseus. As Aegeus' wife, she tried to make her husband poison his own son. Detected in her scheming she had to flee to Asia where the countrycalled Media still bears her name.AA king of Phrygia, son of Gordius and Cybele. He assisted Bacchus' teacher Silenus, whereupon the grateful god granted his wish that everything he touched should turn into gold. When he found that even his food was not exempt from his new influence, he managed to have it transferred to the river Pactolus. In a contest between Apollo and Pan, Midas insisted that the prize should go to Pan. Thereupon Apollo had his ears changed into asses' ears.AA legendary king and lawgiver of Crete, the son of Jupiter and Europa, who became after his death one of the judges in the underworld. He is oftenidentified with his grandson, the father of Ariadne and Phaedra, who built the labyrinth for the Minotaur and exacted a tribute from the Athenians until Theseus intervened and killed the monster. The word Minos is now generally considered to have been a title rather than a proper name.@( Antilochus0  :Anubis0  Aphrodite0   See Venus.-@LAA. Explanation of Mythology\DO~Loki0LLotus-eaters or Lotophagi0Name of a people who ate the fruit of a plant called lotus. The companions of Ulysses who landed among them and partook of their food lost all memory of home and had to be dragged away before they would continue their voyage.Mars0pThe Roman god of war; identified in certain aspects with the Greek Ares. He was also the patron of husbandmen.Medea0RMedusa0TNMercury0The Roman equivalent of the Greek Hermes, son of Maia and Jupiter, to whom he acted as messenger. He was the god of science and commerce, patron of travellers and rogues, vagabonds and thieves. Metamorphoses0 A series of tales in Latin verse by Ovid, chiefly mythological,beginning with the creation of the world, and ending with the deification of Caesar and the reign of Augustus.Midas0QAA monster, half bull and half man, offspring of a bull sent by Neptune and Pasiphae, the wife of King Minos of Crete. Hence the name (Gr. tauros, "a bull"). Minos kept it in the labyrinth built by Daedalus and fed it human bodies exacted as a tribute from the Athenians. When Theseus arrived as one of the victims, he managed to kill the monster with the help of Minos' daughter Ariadne, who had fallen in love with him.AThe daughter of Pasiphae and King Minos of Crete; sister of Ariadne. She became the wife of Theseus and fell in love with her stepson Hippolytus. When her advances were repulsed, she aroused the jealousy of her infatuated husband and Hippolytus was killed. When his innocence became evident, Phaedra committed suicide and Aesculapius with the help of Diana restored Hippolytus to life.,r Ariadne, who had fallen in love with him.CChinese trickster god. A popular god with the Chinese, he was also assimilated into the Buddhist pantheon. He frequently gets into trouble because of his insatiable hunger and has a longstanding friendship with Kwan-Yin, goddess of compassion. In one of his most famous myths, he found out about the banquets given by Wang Muyiang, goddess of jade. Arriving before everyone else,he took bites out of all the foods displayed, including the peaches of immortality. When the Imperial Court of Heaven realized what he had done, they tried to destroy him with fire, thunder, and water but could not because he hadeaten of the peaches and was now immortal. Because of his ability to see through the disguises of demons, he was sent to the west with the T'ang priest as a disciple and protector.$BDaughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne (Memory). They were goddesses of memory and later of the arts and sciences. Their number came eventually to be fixed as nine. They lived on Mt. Helicon and were put in charge of Pegasus by Minerva. Their names and special domains were: Calliope -- epic poetry; Clio --history, Erato -- love poetry; Euterpe -- lyric poetry; Melpomene tragedy; Polyhymnia -- sacred poetry; Terpsichore -- choral dance; Thalia -- comedy; and Urania -- astronomy. Apollo was their guardian and leader and was hence called Musagetes.DE y9Megaera01In Greek mythology, one of the Furies. See Fury.Menelaus0 bKing of Sparta and husband of Helen of Troy, one of the principalfigures in the Trojan conflict.Mentor0mA friend of Ulysses whose form Minerva assumed when she accompanied Telemachus in his search for his father.oMilo0UD2JMInerva0PPMinos0ZMinotaur0 V Monkey King0  M Morpheus0 Ovid's name for the son of Sleep and god of dreams; so called fromGr. morphe, form, because he gives these airy nothings their form and fashion.Muses0Y$Mycenae04Ancient Greek city, capital of Agamemnon's kingdom. Es$q Niobe Daughter of Tantalus, proud Queen of Thebes, whose seven sons and seven daughters were killed by Apollo and Diana, at which Amphion, her husband, killed himself, and Niobe wept until she was turned to stone.ANu Kua Chinese goddess of marriage and gardening. Originally half-woman, half-dragon, she created the race of human beings with legs and liked the legs so much that she fashioned a pair for herself. She taught humankind to garden so that she would notA Nymphs0Beautiful maidens, lesser divinities of nature: dryads and hamadryads, tree nymphs; naiads; spring-, brook-, and river-nymphs; Nereids, sea-nymphs; oreads, mountain- or hill-nymphs.OdinChief god of the Norse, though not necessarily the most popular (See Thor), he is best known for the ways in which he gained wisdom. In one myth, he gave his eye to the blind keeper of the Well of Wisdom in order to take a drink. In another, he3hung upside down from the world tree -- Yggrassil Tree -- so that h may be able to read the rune stones that lay at it's base. BThe winged horse of the Muses, born of the sea foam and the blood of the slaughtered Medusa. He was caught by Bellerophon, who mounted him and destroyed the Chimaera, when Bellerophon attempted to ascend to heaven, he was thrown from the horse, and Pegasus mounted alone to the skies to become the constellation of the same name. When the Muses contended with the daughters of Pieros, Mount Helicon rose heavenward, Pegasus gave it a kick and brought out of the mountain the soul-inspiring waters of the fountain Hippocrene.BI9 Patroclus0  The loyal friend of Achilles. When Achilles refused to fight to annoy Agamemnon, he sent Patroclus in his own armor to the battle. Patroclus was slain by Hector..Pegasus0 Pele0Hawaiian fire goddess. One of the most important of the Hawaiian pantheon and one of its few survivors. She created the Hawaiian archipelago as a result of her ongoing feud with her sister Na-Maka-Ka-Ahi, the ocean.Osiris0&SASon of Jupiter and Pluto (daughter of Himantes); father of Pelops and Niobe. As a king of Mount Sipylus in Lydia, he revealed the secrets of the gods and was punished in Tartarus by having to stand under a loaded fruit tree up to his chin in water, the fruit and water retreating whenever he tried to satisfyhis hunger or thirst./the help of Diana restored Hippolytus to life.By} Persephone0  See Proserpine.Perseus0hSon of Jupiter and Danae, slayer of the Gorgon Medusa, and deliverer of Andromeda from the sea-monster.Phaedra0wPhaethon0 The son of Phoebus, who undertook to drive his father's chariot, butwas upset and would have set the world on fire had not Zeus transfixed him with a thunderbolt. AEgyptian God of embalming, son of Nephtys and Osiris. His aunt Isis taught him the art of embalming. He is one of the most important gods of the underworld because he leads the dead soul to judgement and lies in wait to eat the souls of those whose evil deeds outweigh their good ones.0o Troy, slew Paris, and the prophecy came true.9B|YPhilemon and Baucus0{ Philocetes0  }RPluto0Identical with Hades and Dis. The ruler of the infernal regions, son of Saturn, brother of Jupiter and Neptune, and husband of Proserpine.Phoebus0(from Greek phoibos, bright). An epithet of Apollo, particularly inhis quality as the sun god. See Apollo. The name often stands for the sun personified.E_Naiad0A nymph of a lake, river, fountain, etc. The naiads derived their vitality and in turn gave life to the water in which they dwelled. Narcissus0  \cOdysseus0  See Ulysses.Odyssey0pHomer's epic poem, relating the wandering of Ulysses from the end of the Trojan War until his return to Ithaca.Oedipus0[Olympus0vThe dwelling-place of the dynasty of gods of which Zeus or Jupiter was the head, corresponding to the Norse Valhalla. Parnassus0  ~A mountain near Delphi, Greece, with two summits, one of which was consecrated to Apollo and the Muses, the other to Bacchus.Paris0SPhoenix0zA messenger to Achilles; also, a miraculous bird, dying in fire by its own act and springing up alive from its own ashes.Pillars of Hercules0Two mountains facing each other; one, Calpe (now the Rock of Gibraltar), on the southwest corner of Spain in Europe, the other, Abyla, on the northern coast of Africa.&B(Greek Persephone) One of the greater goddesses; daughter of Ceres and wife of Pluto, who carried her off to his realm against the will of her mother and, by intervention of Jupiter, had to agree to a compromise by which she was to pass half the time (winter) with her husband and the other half (summer) with her mother. At times she was identified with Hecate. While queen of the infernal regions, Theseus tried to carry her off. When Venus sent Psyche to her to fetch some of her beauty in a little box, it developed to be a bit of Stygian sleep.@ Proserpine0  &Proteus0iNeptune's herdsman, an old man and a prophet, famous f(or his power of assuming different shapes at will. Pygmallion0  vA sculptor, in love with a statue he had made, which was brought to life by Venus; also, a brother of the Queen Dido.Psyche0+;BEgyptian sky god. By himself, he created the set of nine deities known as the Ennead. These include Shu, god of air; Tefnut, goddess of rain; Geb, god ofthe earth; Nut, goddess of the sky; Horus the Elder; Nephtys, goddess of the desert; Isis, goddess of magic; Osiris, god of the dead; and Set, god of thedesert. When Ra began to age, the Ennead feared that he would die. Isis agreed to cure him if he taught her his secret name, known only to himself. Only when he was near death would Ra give Isis his name. With this, Isis created a spell and saved the dying king.A-zPython0A monstrous serpent which arose from the mud left by the deluge of Deucalion. It lurked in the caves of Mount Parnassus and was slain by Apollo.Pyramus0GRa0; Polynices0  See Eteocles and Polynices.f@Table1Name:  dNotes:d@OOO'! "Arial$#O'! "Arial$#+d to satisfyhis hunger or thirst.YD)qSphinx0A monster, waylaying the road to Thebes, and propounding riddles to all passers on pain of death for wrong guessing. She killed herself in rage when Oedipus guessed correctly.Styx0The river of Hate (Greek stugein, to hate) -- that flowed nine timesround the infernal regions. The five rivers of hell are the Styx, Acheron, Cocytus, Phlegethon and Lethe.Tantalus0 STartarus0 The infernal regions of classical mythology; used as equivalent toHades by later writers, but by Homer placed as far beneath Hades as Hades is beneath the earth. It was here that Zeus confined the Titans.Terra0Goddess of the Earth. Telemachus0  The only son of Ulysses and Penelope. He went to Pylos and Sparta in search for his father and helped him on his return to Ithaca to slay Penelope's suitors.C$IQ5AЌVergil0Publius Vergilius Maro (70-19 b.c.) Famous Roman epic and idyllic poet. Author of the Aeneid, which relates the adventures of Aeneas after he left Troy.Vesta0In Roman mythology, one of the chief divinities, corresponding to the Greek Hestia. She was the virgin goddess of the hearth and presided over the central altar of family, city, tribe, and race. The vestals were her priestesses..RVestals0Six stainless virgins, who watched as priestesses over the sacred firein the temple of Vesta. The fire had originally been brought to Rome by Aeneas. When it went out, it was rekindled from the rays of the sun.Vesuvius, Mount0%A famous volcano near Naples, Italy.Virgil0 See Vergil.AA personification of the west wind; the gentlest of all the sylvan deities. Also known as Favonious. He fans the inhabitants of Elysium and is the lover of Flora. When Apollo played at quoits with Hyacinthus Zephyris was jealous and drove the missile Apollo had pitched so that it killed Hyacinthus. He bore Psyche from her lonely mountain refuge to the flowery dale where Cupid was waiting for her and also brought her sisters to see her.B$5oVulcan0.AVirgo0TConstellation of the Virgin, representing Astraea, goddess of innocence and purity. Wang Muyiang0  2 Wooden Horse0  It was filled with armed men and left outside Troy as a pretended offering to Minerva when the Greeks feigned to sail away. It was accepted by the Trojans and brought into their city, but at night the hidden Greek soldiers destroyed the town.Zephyrus0 dBIn Greek Erinyes or euphemistically Eumenides, were avenging spirits of retributive justice. Their names, when in course of time their number had come to be fixed at three, were Alecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone. Their task was to punish crimes not within the reach of human justice. Through Aeschylus the tradition developed that after the time when they had intervened in the case of Orestes, their functions no longer covered cases of "guiltiness" free from moral guilt. In spite of their inexorable sterness, they wept when they heard Orpheus implore the deities of the underworld to restore Eurydice to life.D815Frigga or Frigg0In Scandinavian mythology, the supreme goddess, wife of Odin.She presided over marriages, and may be called the Juno of Asgard. In Teutonicmythology she is confused with Freya.Fury, The Furies02d Gaea or Ge0  3Ganymede0 Ganymede The most beautiful of all mortals. He was carried off to Olympus that he might fill the cup of Zeus and live among the immortal gods.Gemini0The constellation Twins, that is, the brothers Castor and Pollux, whom Jupiter rewarded for their brotherly attachment by placing them together amongthe stars when Castor was slain and Pollux was inconsolable. Golden Fleece0 7Gorgons0Three monstrous females with huge teeth, brazen claws, and snakes for hair, the sight of whom turned beholders to stone; Medusa, the most famous, wasslain by Perseus.AThe daughter of King Minos of Crete. She fell in love with Theseus and gave him a sword and a clew of thread with which to kill the Minotaur and find his way out of the labyrinth Theseus fled with her to Naxos and abandoned her there. Her laments aroused the compassion of Bacchus who married her and gave her a crown which after her death was transformed into the cellestial constellation of the crown of Ariadne.V  Aphrodite0   See Venus.B P @Ares@CeridwenW0Daedalus@Gorgons CIcarus MiloU@Nu Kua C PersephonePSaturn 0-@Terra B@Chaos OrCharon TpCharybdis pChimaera pChiron Th Circe A  ClioClothoClytemnestCorn MotheCornucopiaCreteCronusCupidCybeleCyclopesDaedalusB DanaeDaphneADelphiCDemeterEDianaGDidoIDionysusKDryadMEchoOElectraqElysiumsErebusuErinyswErisyEros{Eteocles a}EumenidesEuropaEurydiceEurynomeEurytionFatesFaunusFreyaFrigga or Fury, The Gaea or GeGanymedeGeminiGolden FleGorgonsB@ AA. ExplanAchates0Achilles4Actaeon7Adonis=AeolusAesculapiuAgamemnonAjax (Gr. %Alcestis/Amaterasu"AmazonspAmbrosiarAmphitritetAnansi AfrvAndromachezAndromeda~Antaeus|Antigone0Antilochus0Anubis0Aphrodite Apollo0ArcadiaAresAresAres(Atlantis ,Atlas One0@Attica4@AugustB" Thalia( Thebes+ Theseus. ThetisQ ThorT TiresiasW TitansZ Triton^ Trojan Hor0 0Trojan War] Trojans3 0Troy6 0Typhon9 0Ulysses< 0Unicorn Uranus Valhalla Valkyries Venus Vergil Vesta Vestals Vesuvius, Virgil Virgo Vulcan Wang Muyia Wooden Hor Zephyrus ZeusB0ArgonautsAriadne Artemis0Atalanta 0Athena (At0Athens(Atlantis ,Atlas One0@Attica4@August@@AuroraH@BacchusInN@Baldur NdBaucisgBellerophojBellonamBoreas A@Cadmus@Caduceus @Calliope@Calypso T0Cassandra 0Castor and0Cerberus 0Ceres ThCeridwenWCronusCupidCybeleCyclopesDaedalusBGracesGrail or GGryphon orHadesHalcyone Harmonia Harpies HebeThe gHecateOneAHector EDHecuba IGHelen of TJHelenus IMHeliosAnc`Hera The0HerculesHermes0Hero and L0Hippolyta0HippolytusHippomenesHomerHorus, TheHorus, TheHydraHygeiaHyperboreaAHyperionCIcarusIIopirisBPX@Nymphs\@OdinChiefROdysseusSOdysseyTOedipusVOlympus0@Ophion4@Oracles 8@Orestes ?@Orion A Orpheus 0Osiris> Ovida Pallas Athd Pang Pandoraj PantheonYParisWParnassusm Parthenon 0Patroclus 0Pegasus 0PelePeliasPenelopePersephonef@Table1Name:  dNotes:dB 0PerseusPhaedraPhaethon Philemon a Philocetes PhoebusZPhoenix[Pillars of Pleiades Pluto PlutuslPolynices Polyphemus Poseidon Priam Procrustes Prometheus@ProserpineDProteusLPsycheHPygmalliondPyramus`PythonhRaRemus RheaRomanusRomulusSagittariuSapphoSaturnB  MInerva Minos Minotaur Monkey Kin Morpheus Muses MycenaePNaiadQNarcissuscNemesis fNephtys iNeptunelNereids oNestor AR@Niobe DauU@Nu Kua CX@Nymphs\@OdinChiefROdysseusSOdysseyTOedipusVOlympus0@Ophion4@Oracles 8@Orestes ?@Orion A YParisWParnassusPeliasPenelopePersephoneBEIIiadGIIiumIIopirispIsisKIthacaMJanusOJasonpJovepJunopJupiterpKhnumKwan-YinLabors of LaiusLatinusLedaLegbaLethe@Loki@Lotus-eate@Mars@Medea@Medusa Megaera Menelaus Mentor@Mercury@Metamorpho@Midas MiloB SatyrsScyllaSetSeven agaiSibylSilvanus oSirensSiriusSisyphusSomnus!@Sphinx$@Styx(@Tantalus+@Tartarus/@Telemachus-@Terra" Thalia( Thebes+ Theseus. ThetisQ ThorT TiresiasW TitansZ Triton^ Trojan Hor0 0Trojan War] Trojans3 0Troy6 0Typhon9 0Ulysses< 0UnicornSAd1Attica2BA division of ancient Greece, the chief city of which was Athens.August0Personage of Jade Chinese god of heaven, husband of Wang Muyiang. Lord of the sky, he rules over humankind and lives at the centre of the earth.KBtDUԄHecateOne of the Titans, the only one that retained her power under the rule of Zeus. She was the daughter of Perses and Asteria, and became a deity of the lower world after taking part in the search for Persephone. She taught witchcraft and sorcery,AUwas a goddess of the dead and became identified with Selene, Artemis and Persephone. Argonauts0  -Jason's crew in search of the Golden Fleece.Ariadne0CcArtemis0?A Greek deity identified by the Romans with Diana. See Diana.Atlantis A mythic island of great extent which was supposed to have existed in the Atlantic Ocean. It is first mentioned by Plato (in the Timaeus and Critias), and Solon was told of it by an Egyptian priest, who said that it had been overwhelmed by anA  @earthquake and sunk beneath the sea 9000 years before his time.Atlas One of the Titans warring against the gods and condemned to uphold the heavens on his shoulders. He was a brother of Prometheus, son of Iapetus and father of the Pleiades. A king by the Oname of Atlas had the garden of the Hesperides in his realmOc0and was his uncle of father.One of the Titans@QZeus0\The Grecian Jupiter. The word means the living one (Sanskrit, Djaus, heaven). See Jupiter.Apollo0AKing of Phonenicia and Telephassa, by his wife Harmonia father of Actaeon and Ino. He was reputedly the introducer of the Greek alphabet. Seeking his sister Europa who was carried off by Jupiter he had strange adventures -- sowing in the ground teeth of a dragon he had killed which sprang up as armed men who slew each other. The five survivors helped him to found the city of Thebes.@jA99Cadmus0iCaduceus The staff of Mercury, which he received from Apollo in exchange for the lyre. It was originally of olive wood. Its garlands were later replaced by serpents. At the top there were two wings.A  Calliope0 ROne of the nine Muses, mother o9f Orpheus by Apollo; the patroness of epic poetry.Calypso The queen of the island Ogygia, on which Ulysses was wrecked. She kept him there for seven years, and promised him perpetual youth and immortality if he would remain with her forever.A FOne of the great gods of Olympus, son of Jupiter and Latona; like his sister Diana, born on Delos, which is sacred to him. He was the god of archery, prophecy, music, and healing. As the leader of the Muses, he was given the lyre which Mercury had invented, and in turn gave music to woman when she was created. The musician Orpheus was his son. As the god of healing he bore the name of Paeon, sharing it with other gods, and became the father of Aesculapius. He was the successor of Hyperion as sun god and became identified with Helios, in whose stead he was considered the father of Phaethon. See also Phoebus.Apollo's exploits in myth and poetry are numerous. He killed the serpent Python; he loved the nymph Daphne and changed her at her request into a baytree, he supplied king Midas with a pair of asses' ears for having voted forPan and against Apollo in a trial of musical skill; inadvertently he killed Hyacinthus; with his sister he took revenge on Niobe for having insulted his mother; for one year he was the servant of king Admetus to atone for his unjust attack on the Cyclopes who had made the bolt with which Jupiter killed Apollo's son Aesculapius; he induced Diana to kill Orion; in the Trojan war he intervened on behalf of Chryseis and thus precipitated the quarrel of Agamemnonand Achilles; he healed Hector and assisted him in his struggle with Patroclus; he guided the arrow which killed Achilles; it was he who gave Cassandra, whom he loved, the gift of prophecy; etc.Apollo was the incarnation of the Greek ideal of youthful manhood. As such he became a favorite subject of Greek and later art.Apollo, oracles of Apollo had several oracles: one in Ionia, one on the island of Delos, and one famous one in Delphi, known as the Delphic or Delphian oracle.\DxAeOphion0VThe king of the Titans who ruled Olympus until dethroned by the gods Saturn and Rhea.Oracles Answers from the gods to questions from mortals seeking knowledge or advice on the future. They were usually given in equivocal form so as to fit any event. Also, the places where such answers were given forth by a priest or priestess.A Orestes The son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. Because of his crime in killing his mother he was pursued by the Furies until purified by Minerva.A  Orion A giant and hunter, son of Neptune. In the attempt to gain possession of Merope, he was blinded by her father Oenopion but restored to sight by Apollo. He became a favorite with Diana, whose brother Apollo made her kill himA}inadvertently. Diana placed him amoung the stars where he appears as the constellation Orion with dog Sirius following him.@Mythology, the study and interpretation of myth and the body of myths of a particular culture. Myth is a complex cultural phenomenon that can be approached from a number of viewpoints. In general, myth is a narrative that describes and portrays in symbolic language the origin of the basic elements and assumptions of a culture. Mythic narrative relates, for example, how the world began, how humans and animals were created, and how certain customs, gestures, or forms of human activities originated. Almost all cultures possess or at one time possessed and lived in terms of myths. Myths differ from fairy tales in that they refer to a time that is different from ordinary time (see Folktales; Religion). The time sequence of myth is extraordinaryan other timethe time before the conventional world came into being. Because myths refer to an extraordinary time and place and to gods and other supernatural beings and processes, they have usually been seen as aspects of religion. Because of the all-encompassing nature of myth, however, it can illuminate many aspects of individual and cultural life. Meaning and InterpretationFrom the beginnings of Western culture, myth has presented a problem of meaning and interpretation, and a history of controversy has accumulated about both the value and the status of mythology. Myth, History, and ReasonIn the Greek heritage of the West, myth or mythos has always been in tension with reason or logos, which signified the rational and analytic mode of arriving at a true account of reality. The Greek philosophers Xenophanes, Plato, and Aristotle, for example, exalted reason and made trenchant criticisms of myth as a proper way of knowing reality. In the Judeo-Christian tradition the notion of history has been opposed to myth. Complicating this opposition was the concept that the God of the Hebrews and Christians, although existing outside of ordinary time and space, was revealed to humanity within human history and society. Thus, God was revealed to Moses in the Egypt of the pharaohs. The distinctions between reason and myth and between myth and history, although fundamental, were never quite absolute. Aristotle concluded that in some of the early Greek creation myths, logos and mythos overlapped. Plato used myths as allegory and also as literary devices in developing an argument. Mythos, logos, and history overlap in the prologue to the Gospel of John in the New Testament; there, Jesus, the Christ, is portrayed as the Logos, who came from eternity into historical time. Early Christian theologians, attempting to understand the Christian revelation, argued about the roles of myth and history in the biblical account. Western Mythical TraditionsThe debate over whether myth, reason, or history best expresses the meaning of the reality of the gods, humans, and nature has continued in Western culture as a legacy from its earliest traditions. Among these traditions were the myths of the Greeks. Adopted and assimilated by the Romans, they furnished literary, philosophical, and artistic inspiration to such later periods as the Renaissance and the romantic era. The pagan tribes of Europe furnished another body of tradition. After these tribes became part of Christendom, elements of their mythologies persisted as the folkloric substratum of various European cultures. Modern Concern with MythologyThe Enlightenment and the romantic movement of modern European culture stimulated interest in myth, both through theories about myth and through new academic disciplines. Although the Enlightenment emphasized the rationality of human beings, it directed attention to all human expressions, including religion and mythology. Enlightenment scholars tried to make sense of the seemingly irrational and fantastic mythic stories. Their explanations included historical evolutionary theoriesthat human culture evolved from an early state of ignorance and irrationality to the modern culture of rationalitywith myths seen as products of the early ages of ignorance and irrationality. Myths were also thought to result from euhemerism, that is, the divinizing of the heroic virtues of a human being. More important than any one theory of mythology, however, was the development of systematic disciplines devoted to the study of mythology. In new fields such as social and cultural anthropology and the history of religions, scholars were forced to come to terms with myths from earlier historical periods outside the Western tradition, and they began to relate the study of myth to a broader understanding of culture and history. The romantic movement turned to the older Indo-European myths as intellectual and cultural resources. Romantic scholars tended to view myth as an irreducible form of human expression: For them, myth, as a mode of thinking and perception, possessed prestige equal to or sometimes greater than the rational grasp of reality. Myth had always been part of classical and theological studies in the West, but during and after the Enlightenment, the concern for myth, revived with new intensity, could be detected in almost all the newer university disciplinesanthropology, history, psychology, history of religions, political science, structural linguistics. Most current theories of myth emerged from one or more of these disciplines. Types of MythMyths may be classified according to the dominant theme they portray. Cosmogonic MythsUsually the most important myth in a culture, one that becomes the exemplary model for all other myths, is the cosmogonic myth. It relates how the entire world came into being. In some narratives, as in the first chapter of the Book of Genesis, the creation of the world proceeds from nothing (creatio ex nihilo). Egyptian, Australian, Greek, and Mayan myths also speak of creation from nothing. In most cases the deity in these myths is all-powerful. The deity may remain at the forefront and become the center of religious life, as with the Hebrews, or may withdraw and become a distant or peripheral deity, as in the myths of the Australian aborigines, Greeks, and Mayans. Other cosmogonic myths describe creation as an emergence from the lower worlds. Among the Navajo and Hopi, for example, creation is the result of a progression upward from lower worlds, and the emergence from the last world is the final progression into the world of humanity. A Polynesian myth places the various layers of emergence in a coconut shell. Similar in form to such myths are myths of the world egg, known in Africa, China, India, the South Pacific, Greece, and Japan. In these myths, creation is symbolized as breaking forth from the fertile egg. The egg is the potential for all life, and sometimes, as in the myth of the Dogon people of West Africa, it is referred to as the placenta of the world. Another kind of cosmogonic myth is the world-parent myth. In the Babylonian creation story Enuma elish, the world parents, Apsu and Tiamat, bear offspring who later find themselves opposed to the parents. The offspring defeat the parents in a battle, and from the immolated body of Tiamat the world is created. In other world-parent myths from the Egyptians, Zui, and Polynesians, the parents beget offspring but remain in close embrace; the offspring live in darkness, and in the desire for light they push the parents apart, creating a space for the deities to make a human world. In myths widespread among Siberian-Altaic peoples, in Romania, and in India, creation comes about through the agency of an earth diver, an animal (a turtle or a bird) who dives into the primordial waters to bring up a small piece of earth that later expands into the world. A motif of several cosmogonic myths is the act of sacrifice. In the Babylonian myth Tiamat's sacrificed body is the earth, and in the Hindu myth that is recounted in the Rig-Veda, the entire world is the result of a sacrifice by the gods. Related to cosmogonic myths, but at the other extreme, are myths describing the end of the world (eschatological myths) or the coming of death into the world. Myths of the end of the world are usually products of urban traditions. They presuppose the creation of the world by a moral divine being, who in the end destroys the world. At this time human beings are judged and prepared for a paradisiacal existence or one of eternal torments. Such myths are present among Hebrews, Christians, Muslims, and Zoroastrians. A universal conflagration and a final battle of the gods are part of Indo-European mythology and are most fully described in Germanic branches of this mythology. In Aztec mythology several worlds are created and destroyed by the gods before the creation of the human world. Myths of the origin of death describe how death entered the world. In these myths death is not present in the world for a long period of time, but enters it through an accident or because someone simply forgets the message of the gods concerning human life. In Genesis, death enters when human beings overstep the proper limits of their knowledge. Myths of Culture HeroesOther myths describe the actions and character of beings who are responsible for the discovery of a particular cultural artifact or technological process. These are the myths of the culture hero. In Greek mythology Prometheus, who stole fire from the gods, is a prototype of this kind of figure. In the Dogon culture, the blacksmith who steals seeds for the human community from the granary of the gods is similar to Prometheus. In Ceram, in Indonesia, Hainuwele is also such a figure; from the orifices of her body she provides the community with a host of necessary and luxury goods. Myths of Birth and RebirthUsually related to initiation rituals, myths of birth and rebirth tell how life can be renewed, time reversed, or humans transmuted into new beings. In myths about the coming of an ideal society (millenarian myths) or of a savior (messianic myths), eschatological themes are combined with themes of rebirth and renewal (see Messiah; Millennium). Millenarian and messianic myths are found in tribal cultures in Africa, South America, and Melanesia, as well as in the world religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Mythologies of cargo cults (religious movements found in modern technologically poor cultures such as those of Melanesia) also invariably have millenarian and messianic elements. Foundation MythsSince the beginnings of cities sometime in the 4th and 3d millennia bc, some creation myths have recounted the founding of cities. Cities developed out of ceremonial centers; the centers were seen as extraordinary manifestations of sacred power. This manifestation allowed for the expression of power in a specific place, emphasizing the value of sedentary human life. The myth of Gilgamesh (see Gilgamesh Epic) in Babylon and that of Romulus and Remus in Rome are foundation myths. Studies of MythMythology has attracted scholars in many fields. Some have studied myths with the aid of materials from history, archaeology, anthropology, and other disciplines. Others have found in myths materials of use in their respective fieldslinguistics and psychology, for example. Myth and LanguageBecause myth is a narrative, many attempts to understand it have focused on its linguistic structure. In one approach, the meaning of myth is sought in the history and structure of the language itself. The most famous proponent of myth as an example of the historical development of language is Friedrich Max Mller (1823-1900), a German scholar who spent most of his academic life in England, and whose major studies dealt with the religion and myths of India. Mller believed that in the Vedic texts of ancient India the gods and their actions do not represent real beings or events; rather, they are products of a confusion of human language, of an attempt, through sensual and visual images, to give expression to natural phenomena (such as thunder or the sea). Of more recent vintage is the structural linguistic model, which builds on the work of the linguists Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), a Swiss, and Roman Jakobson (1896-1982), a Russian-American, and the American folklorist Stith Thompson (1885-1976). Structural linguists concentrate on the total meaning of language as an internal logical system. In particular they examine the relation between two levels of language: the words and content that are actually spoken; and the underlying systematic structurethe grammar, syntax, and other rules of the language. The most important student of myth from this perspective has been the French anthropologist Claude Lvi-Strauss. For him myth represented a special case of linguistic usage, a third level beyond surface narrative and underlying structure. In myth he discovered certain clusters of relationships that, although expressed in the narrative and dramatic content, obey the systematic order of the language's structure. He contended that the same logical form is at work in all languages and cultures, inv scientific works and tribal myths alike. See Semantics. Myth and KnowledgeTheories stating that myth constitutes a form and way of knowledge are as old as the interpretation of myth itself. The overlapping of mythic and rational modes was confronted by the classical Greek philosophers; it can also be observed in the insistence of Origen, a 3d-century church father, that the Christian revelation of God in Jesus could best be understood in mythic terms. In formulations of the relationship between myth and knowledge, two major orientations recur. In the first, myth is examined as an intellectual and logical concern. In the second, myth is studied in its imaginative, intuitive meaningeither as a mode of perception distinguishable from rational, logical kinds of knowledge, or as one that preceded rational knowledge in human intellectual evolution. One of the fathers of British anthropology, Sir Edward Burnett Tylor, thought that myth in archaic cultures was based on a psychological delusion and a mistaken logical inferenceon a confusion of subjective and objective reality, of the real and the ideal. Tylor believed that myth, although illogical, had moral value. R. R. Marett (1866-1943), a later British anthropologist, felt that myth arose from the emotional responses that people in archaic cultures make to their environment. In his view, they respond in rhythmic gestures that develop into dance and ritual, with narrative myth forming the oral part of the communal rites. The French linguist Maurice Leenhardt (1878-1954) explained myth primarily as an expression of the living experience of the community. Leenhardt, who spent a great part of his life among the Melanesians, observed that the Melanesians responded passively to the nonhuman realities of their environment. They did not seek to dominate the environment conceptually or technologically, but attempted to adapt to and come to terms with its powers and forces. He coined the term cosmographic for this attitude and traced the myths of the Melanesians to their cosmographic experience of the world. Marett referred to his theory as preanimism, to distinguish it from that of Tylor, who had called his own theory animism. Marett located the meaning of myth at an intellectual stage prior to the emergence of rational consciousness. The French philosopher Lucien Lvy-Bruhl (1857-1939) further developed the notion of prelogical mentality as an explanation of myth. Lvy-Bruhl held that people in archaic cultures experience the world without benefit of logical categories, that they gain their knowledge of the world through mystical participation in reality, and that this knowledge is expressed in myths. The 19th-century Scottish scholar Andrew Lang and the German anthropologist Wilhelm Schmidt (1868-1954) both noted in ethnographic literature the frequent presence of a high god, a deity who created the world and then distanced himself from it. They saw a distinction in the myths between this kind of deity and the other deities and spirits. They reasoned that this concept of a creator came from metaphysical and intellectual contemplation and not from an evolution of thought from prelogical to rational. In their formulation, myths simultaneously encompass both the rational-logical and the intuitive. A definitive, comprehensive view of myth as simultaneously rational-logical and intuitive-imaginative was set forth by the Romanian-born historian of religions Mircea Eliade (1907-86). In Eliade's interpretation, the myth reveals a primitive ontologyan explanation of the nature of being. The myth, by means of symbols, expresses knowledge that is complete and coherent; although myths may over the centuries become trivialized and debased, people can use them to return to the beginning of time and rediscover and reexperience their own nature. To Paul Ricoeur (1913- ), a French philosopher, myth, as expressed in symbols, is necessary for serious appraisal of the origins, processes, and depths of human thought. Myth and SocietyPhilosophical and speculative understanding of myth, such as that of the Italian philosopher Giovanni Battista Vico, raised the question of the interrelationship of myth and society. In his Scienza nuova (New Science, 1725; final ed., 1744) Vico set forth a four-stage theory of the development of myth and religion in Greece. The first stage expressed the divinization of nature: Thunder and the heavens become Zeus, the sea becomes Poseidon. In the second stage, gods related to the domestication and domination of nature appear: Hephaestus, god of fire, Demeter, goddess of grain. In the third stage, the gods embody civil institutions and parties: Hera, for example, is the institution of marriage. The fourth stage is expressed by the total humanization of the gods, as found in Homer. The French sociologist mile Durkheim, in examining the relation of myth to society, drew on data from Australian aboriginal cultures. Durkheim rejected the notion that myth arises out of extraordinary manifestations of nature. Nature to him was a model of regularity and thus is predictable and is the ordinary. He concluded that myths arise in the human response to social existence. They express the way society represents humanity and the world, and they constitute a moral system and a cosmology as well as a history. Myths and the rituals stemming from them sustain and renew these moral and other beliefs, keeping them from being forgotten, and they strengthen people in their social natures. The Polish-born British anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refined this sociological conception of myth. For Malinowski, myth fulfills in archaic and tribal societies an indispensable function: It expresses, enhances, and codifies belief. It safeguards and enforces morality and contains practical rules for the guidance of the individuals in these cultures. The acceptance of the sociological meaning of myth is universal among anthropologists. This acceptance does not imply, however, that myth is understood to be a function of human society. Rather, myth and society coexist; the sociopolitical order can be seen as an inexact reflection of the social or cosmic order found in myths, and the myths give legitimacy to the order of society. The British anthropologist Sir James Frazer, in The Golden Bough (1890), first suggested the relation of myth to ritual. His theory was extended to explain the meaning of myth in literate societies. The Dutch-born Henri Frankfort (1897-1954), the American Theodor Gaster (1906-92), and the Danish-American Thorkild Jacobsen (1904-93) applied anthropological insights to understand the religion and society of the cultures of the ancient Middle East, the sites of some of the earliest agricultural societies in human history. Jacobsen pointed out that the imaginative mythical perception of plants was the practical and philosophical basis for the domestication of plant life, and that agriculture itself became part of a perception both of cosmic order and of the structure of society. Gaster held that certain myths and rites have as their function the replenishment of life and vitality. Such myths and rites in agricultural societies are so generalized in their relation to the cosmic and societal order that religious and mythical meaning is given to the entire culture. The French linguist Georges Dumzil (1898-1986), who made extensive investigation of Indo-European myth in Indian, Greek, Roman, German, Scandinavian, and other cultures, discerned a common cosmosociological structure in these myths. He found in every form of Indo-European myth a tripartite structure, with a priest or ruler at the top of a hierarchy, warriors in the middle, and farmers, herdsmen, and craftsmen at the base. These classes are correlated with cosmic deities; and in the narrative form of the epic the interrelationships, antagonisms, and conflicts among these three classes are dramatized. Dumzil does not claim that all Indo-European societies possess this social structure empirically, but rather that this structure operates as an archetypal language for the statement of ideal meanings within Indo-European cultures. The German philosopher Ernst Cassirer refined the concepts of the intellectual-logical and the intuitive-imaginative aspects of myth in his discussion of the meanings of myth and of the social group. He allied himself with those who say that myth arises from the emotions. He stressed, however, that myth is not identical with the emotion from which it arises, but that it is the expressionthe objectificationof the emotion. In this expression or objectification, the identity and basic values of the group are given an absolute meaning. Cassirer believed that myth and mythic modes of thinking form a deep substratum in the scientific, technological cultures of the West. Myth and PsychologyIn myth, depth psychologists found material to delineate the structure, order, and dynamics of both the psychic life of individuals and the collective unconscious of society. Sigmund Freud utilized themes from older mythological structures to exemplify the conflicts and dynamics of the unconscious psychic life (in, for example, his Oedipus and Electra complexes). Carl Jung, in his psychological interpretations of the large body of myths that have been collected from cultures throughout the world, saw evidence for the existence of a collective unconscious shared by all. He developed a theory of archetypespatterns of great impact, at once emotions and ideasthat are expressed in behavior and images (See also Psychology). Both Jung and Freud viewed dreams as expressions of the structure and dynamic of the life of the unconscious. The dream, they pointed out, in many of its particulars resembles the narrative of myth in cultures in which myth still expresses the totality of life. Gza Rheim (1891-1953), a Hungarian anthropologist, applied Freudian theory in interpreting archaic myths and religion and, more generally, in explaining the development of human culture. The most comprehensive study of myths from the perspective of depth psychology, however, was made by the American scholar Joseph Campbell (1904-87). In The Masks of God (4 vol., 1959-67) he combined insights from depth psychology (primarily Jungian), theories of historical diffusion, and linguistic analysis to formulatefrom the perspective of the dynamics that are found in mythical forms of expressiona general theory of the origin, development, and unity of all human cultures.j EEQ  ( K *BDBf   r$p\ @d*#2f(/ 1)U>5679U:S@[;lD<G6a fNkeFW |TDh] v70R2M`PdR BV!b 2iwEn[S C:^@BZxtʜ;ʟ^I~|; l8\ vFj;\U&1;51k0 =lF >?cgC*AG<`A0A D8uYrfJ4NqP{;h>bLc+r-=Mu3=Z