OPLDatabaseFile 0P:`.A.A'ALIZ pLOC::M:\WDR\PSIPRINT.WDR Page %P.@ Condition:Cause: Symptoms: Treatment:Notes:1 DisclaimerIn a medical emergency any trained first aiders or medical staff present must always be used for treatment.The information given here must only be used in extreme situations where such trained help is not availableNo liability is accepted f,or any condition caused by this informationWords in capital letters refer to other entries in the database, except "DO NOT" which advises on any actions which must not be attempted(2 First Aid Priorities1 Observe situation/accident fully2 Look for immediate dangers3 DO NOT put yourself at risk4 Protect victim5 Be aware of your limitations6 Assess all casualties,treating life threatening injuries first7 Ensure all necessary emergency services have b een called)$3 Initial Assessment & Resuscitation1 Check for consciousness,ie a RESPONSE,being careful not to move head or neck2 Open AIRWAY by tilting head back3 Check for BREATHING by listening,looking & feeling4 Check PULSE,circulation5 Check for bleeding & control (once breathing & pulse return)4 Road Accident-General1 Ensure your own safety2 Park safely (if driving),clear of accident,hazzard indicator onDO NOT run across motorway/freeway3 If dark,carry/wear reflective material or a light4 Send bystanders to warn traffic5 Set reflective warning triangles 200m in either direction6 Turn off ignition of all vehicles,disconnecting batteries if possible.Turn off fuel supplies to diesel vehicles & motorcycles7 Steady vehicles using handbrakes & put into gear.Put blocks under wheels if not possibleDO NOT right overturned vehicles,simply brace to prevent further movement8 Look for hazards-signs on commercial vehicles,fuel spills,power cables etc9 Assess all casualties,dealing with life-threatening conditions first.Move victims only if in immediate danger10 Search area for victims thrown clear or dazed and wandering around11 For unconscious victims;-DO NOT move-Assume neck injury (SPINAL INJURY) Abdominal Wounds1 Lie victim down-elevate knees if wound across abdomen2 Loosen clothes3 Put large dressing over wound & secure with bandage/sticky tape4 If blood seeps through cover with another dressingIf victim coughs/vomits,press firmly on dressing to stop abdomehn internals pushing outIf intestine protruding,cover with cling film or plastic bag to stop drying outIf victim becomes unconscious,open AIRWAY,check BREATHING/PULSE & prepare to RESUSCITATE.Place in RECOVERY POSITION,supporting abdomenAbdominal Wounds-BluntLike SHOCK:*Rapid pulse*Low bloodpressure*Cold,clammy skin*Abdomen may become rigid/tender*Victim may be confused/unable to remember or describe injury1 Monitor victim's PULSE & BREATHING.Rapid,weak pulse or very rapid/slow breathing may indicate internal bleeding.If these signs develop,call emergency services immediately2 Lie victim down with feet elevated above heart3 Loosen clothes & cover with blaWnket to keep warmDo not give anything to eat or drink,even if thirstyWatch for SHOCKLAirway,Opening1 Place two fingers under victim's chin2 Place free hand on forehead3 Gently tilt head well back-if head/neck/spinal injury suspected,handle very carefully & tilt head just enough to open airwaytIf arway blocked;Use finger to remove blockage using a hooking action to avoid forcing blockage further into throatAlcohol Poisoning*Alcohol smell*Unconsciousness*Flushed/moist face*Deep/noisy breathing*Full pulseLater*Dry,bloated face*Shallow breathing*Dilated pupils,poor light reaction*Weak,rapid pulse1 Shake shoulders/speak loudly to guauge RESPONSE level2 If unconscious,open AIRWAY,check BREATHING & PULSE & prepare to RESUSCITATE3 Protect from cold ground & cover to keep warm&Allergic Reaction (Anaphylactic Shock).Certain drugs,insect stings,foods (ie peanuts)\*Anxiety*Difficulty breathing*Red,blotchy skin*Face/neck swelling,puffy eyes*Rapid pulse1 Call emergency services2 Make victim comfortable-sitting position may relieve breathing trouble3 Monitor & record BREATHING,PULSE & response every 5 mins until help arrivesIf vicim becomes unconscious place in RECOVERY POSITION & prepare to RESUSCITATEJCheck for EpiPen or adrenaline syringe & assist victim to use if necessaryAmoebic DysenteryContaminated water/raw foodR*Fatigue*Listlessness*High temp*Solid/foul smelling faeces with blood/red mucusFlagyl,plenty of fluids/restgAnginaISign of heart disease-narrow artery unable to carry enough blood to heart*Gripping pain in chest centre,often spreading to left/both arms,through to back & up to jaw*Breathlessness*Pale skin,bluish lips*Anxiety*Sudden,extreme weaknessReduce work done by heart1 Reassure victim2 Sit them in most comfortable position,loosen clothing3 Ask if they have medication-pills placed under tongue/spray under tongue4 Keep victim rested5 Check pain passes in 1-2 minsIf pain persists may be heart attack-get victim to hospital immediatelyMonitor & record BREATHING & PULSE & be prepared to RESUSCITATE`Animal Bite-MinorTreat as per CUTS & ABRASIONS,Contact doctor if signs of INFECTION developa%Animal Bite-Puncture Wound/Large Gashv1 Apply pressure to wound & raise injured area2 Cover wound with sterile dressing and bandage3 Get medical attentionIf bitten by wild or domestic animal may get an infection & have injury to soft tissue.Most serious consequence rabies,transmitted in saliva of diseased animals,including dogs,cats,cattle,& bats.Infected animals may behave strangely;i.e.a nocturnal animal active during day,or may drool,appear partially paralyzed,irritable or quiet.Fatal if not treated promptly.If you/victim may have been bitten by rabid animal,call emergency services immediately.Get away from animal.DO NOT try to catch/hold it.Wash wound with soap & water,control bleeding & apply antibiotic ointment & dressing.If bleeding heavily,do not try to wash;try to control bleeding.Remember what animal looked like & where last seen,Asthma`Muscles in walls of tubes in lungs tighten,narrow & impede air flowUsually caused by an allergyJ*Breathing/speaking difficulty*Wheezing*Grey/blue skin*Dry,tickly cough1 Keep calm,reassure victim & encourage slow,deep breaths2 Help victim find & use inhaler (usually blue) to synchronize with deep intake of breath to take spray down into lungsIf attack continues over 10 mins:-Call emergency servicesSit victim down,le_aning slightly forward,resting elbows on back of another chairOpen window,unless cold weatherDO NOT lie victim downBacillary Dysentery(Flies/contaminated water/infected faeces(*Blood-streaked faeces*Sudden high temp#1 Antibiotics2 Rest3 Fluid intakeBack/Spinal Injuryp-Falling from height,ladders,horses,motorcycles-Deceleration from car accident-Head/face injury-Sports injury*Pain in neck/back*Step/twist in curve of spine*Spine tender to touch*If spinal cord damaged;-Loss of limb movement-Abnormal sensation-Breathing difficultyConscious Victim;1 Reassure victim & tell them not to move2 Keep head,neck & spine aligned using your hands over their ears to keep head still3 Place rolled towels/padding around neck & shoulders,keeping head held4 Call emergency servicesIf victim becomes unconscious,place in RECOVERY POSITION,keeping head/neck aligned with spine. Be prepared to RESUSCITATEUnconscious Victim;If BREATHING & PULSE found, place in RECOVERY POSITION,keeping head/neck aligned with spine.Call emergency servicesIf not BREATHING & no PULSE1 Call emergency services2 Open/clear AIRWAY.Tilt head very gently keeping head in neutral position (head/neck/spine aligned,nose in line with navel)3 Check BREATHING & PULSE-if still absent,log roll (see below) victim onto back if necessary for RESUSCITATE4 Combine ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION with CHEST COMPRESSIONS until medical help arrives5 If BREATHING/PULSE recover,place victim in RECOVERY POSITIONDO NOT move unless in dangerLog Roll-Keep head,toes & in straight line throughout-Maintain support at neck-Helpers straighten victim's arms & legs-Log roll victim onto back,keeping neck supported} Bilharzia1Microscopic worm in infected water or broken skinIrritation of urinary tract NiridazoleDisease of bowel/bladder Black EyeType of bruiseApply ice/cold packs for 15 mins every 1-2 hours during first 48 hours to help vessels constrict/reduce swelling.Sooner ice applied,less bleeding will resultIf painful after 48 hours,apply heat with warm towels,hot water bottle,heating padSeek medical advice immediately if-signs of INFECTIONOrBlow to eye causes: -Blood in coloured/white part of eye-Impaired/double vision-Inability to move eye normally-Severe pain in eyeball rather than eye socketBleeding-InternalDirect blow to body,fracture,sprain,bleeding ulcer.Internal bleeding results when blood vessels rupture & blood leaks into body cavities.If victim receives injury to chest/abdomen,suspect internal bleeding*Pain & tenderness in affected area*Skin cold,clammy*Pale face/lips*Weakness/fainting/dizziness*Nausea*Thirst*Rapid/weak/irregular pulse*Shortness of breath*Dilated pupils*Swelling/bruising at site of injury*Red urine (bladder/kidney injury)*Bl=ood vomited (stomach injury)*Blood coughed up (lung injury)More symptoms experienced,more extensive the bleeding1 Lay victim down,raise & support legs.Loosen clothing & protect from cold2 Call medical help.Monitor & record BREATHING,PULSE & RESPONSE every 10 mins3 Note amount,type & source of any external blood loss & collect sample for hospital4 Victim may rinse mouth with water,but DO NOT give victim of internal bleeding anything to drink+Bleeding-Severe External1 Apply direct pressure.Place clean folded cloth/dressing over injury & apply firm pressure.If blood soaks through,do not remove-cover cloth with another & continue to apply pressure for 10 mins.If bleeding from ear,place clean bandage over ear,lay victim on side & allow blood to drain out through bandage2 Raise & support wounded part of body above heart while applying direct pressure3 Lay victim down4 Bandage wound.Apply dressing and bandage,covering with further dressing if blood seeps through.Checkz circulation beyond wound & loosen bandage if required5 Call emergency services6 Treat for SHOCK & monitor/record PULSEDO NOT remove any embedded object-apply pressure on both sides,pad & bandageIf possible wear gloves to prevent infectionDO NOT apply a tourniquetBones-Cheekbone/Nose Fracture1 Apply cold compress to reduce swelling2 Treat NOSEBLEED if necessary3 Call emergency/take victim to hospitalIf straw coloured fluid leaks from nose suspect/treat as SKULL FRACTURE#Bones-Closed Fractures/Dislocations)Most occur in shoulder,elbow,finger,thumb9*Swelling*Deformed look*Pain/tenderness*Discolouration1 Tell victim to keep steady/still2 Support injured part until immobilised3 For firm support-secure an injured limb to other part of the body;arms-support against torso using sling & bandaginglegs-bandage injured leg to uninjured one4 Call emergency services5 Treat for SHOCK6 Raise injured limb if possible7 Check circulation around bandage every 10 mins & loosen if necessary}DO NOT move victim until injury secure/supportedDO NOT give anything to eat/drinkDO NOT replace dislocated bone into socketBones-Compound/Open Fracture+Compound/Open fracture pierces through skinSerious bleeding may occur1 Cover wound with dressing.Apply pressure to control bleeding-not on exposed bone end2 Place padding over/around dressing3 Secure with bandage4 Immobilise as a CLOSED FRACTURE5 Call emergency services6 Treat for SHOCK7 Check circulation around band(age every 10 mins & loosen if necessary8DO NOT move victim until fracture is secured & supportedr Bones-GeneralBody consists of 200+ bones of different shapes & sizes.Bones plus muscles,tendons & ligaments form skeleton,which protects the organs body uses to functionBones are dense,very strong & do not break easily,except in elderly people with osteoperosis, the gradual weakening of bonesBone injuries often quite painful & may bleed-bones have ample amount of blood & nerves2 types of bone injuries are;fractures(open or closed) & dislocations which also involve muscles & jointsBody has 600+ muscles,which are soft tissueInjuries to brain,spinal cord or nerves can affect muscle control & when muscle is injured nearby muscle may take over for injured oneJoint formed where ends of two or more bones come meetBones held together by ligaments,which tear if joint forced beyond normal range of movementSPRAIN-tearing of ligaments at jointSTRAIN-stretching &/or tearing of muscles/tendonsOpen FRACTURE when arm/leg twists and broken bone ends tear through skin,causing open wound.Closed fracture-skin not broken;much more common than open fractureOpen fracture brings chance of infection & severe bleedingFractures can be life-threatening if sever an artery,affect breathing,or occur in very large bones i.e.femur in thigh.Motor vehicle accident or fall from height may cause fractureDISLOCATION typically more noticeable than fracture & occurs when bone moves from normal position at joint.Violent force tears ligaments holding bone in place at joint,& joint no longer functions.Often,displaced bone causes obviously abnormal bump,ridge or hollowSprains may swell but typically heal quickly.Pain may be minimal & victim may be active soon,in which case joint won't heal properly & remain weak.Likely to be reinjured more severely,possibly involving fracture/dislocation of bones at joint.Most easily injured joints are ankle,knee,wrist & fingersStrains frequently caused by lifting heavy objects or working a muscle too hard.They usually involve muscles in neck,back,thigh or back of lower leg.Strains tend to reoccur,especially those located in neck or back.X-ray best way to assess extent of damage to bone,muscle or joint.However,you may be able to judge how serious injury is by appearance.Area may be red,bruised,swollen,twisted or have bumps,ridges or hollows.Area may be painful to touch & move,or victim may be unable to move it.If you compare an injured body part with an uninjured one,may be able to locate abnormalities;works well with arm,leg,shoulder & knee.Sometimes victim may have heard snap/crack when injury occurred,or may feel bones grating.Also,victim's hands,fingers,feet or toes may tingle or feel numbBreathing,Checking1 Kneel beside victim,placing your face close to their mouth2 Look at chest to see if rising3 Listen for breathing sounds4 Feel for breath on cheekContinue for 10 seconds before deciding there is no breathBruisesRuptured blood vessels under skin,often from a bump or fall.Blood seeps into surrounding tissues,causing black & blue colour of bruisePeople who take aspirin/blood thinners (anticoagulants) may bruise easilyMay develop after blood drawnBlack eye a type/ of bruise.Apply treatment below & inspect eyeApply ice or cold packs for 15 mins every 1-2 hours during first 48 hours to help vessels constrict & reduce swelling.Sooner ice applied,less bleeding will result.If possible,elevate bruised area.Blood will leave area & there will be less swellingRest in~jured limb so not injured furtherIf still painful after 48 hours,apply heat with warm towels,hot water bottle or heating padyIf signs of INFECTION develop or if you suddenly begin to bruise easily or have unexplained recurrent or multiple bruisesSeek medical advice immediatelyBruises follow predictable pattern & possible to tell by looking how old it is.When first appears,will be reddish looking,reflecting colour of blood skin.By 1-2 days,reddish iron from blood undergoes change & bruise will appear blue/purple.Day 6,colour changes to green & day 8-9,bruise will appear yellowish-brown.In general,a bruise will be repaired in 2-3 weeks after which skin will return to normalBurns-ChemicalPChemicals used in manufacturing or items like bleach,battery acid,paint removersS*Stinging sensation on skin*Staining & discolouration*Skin reddens,blisters/peels1 Wash affected area with water (if dry chemical,brush off gently first with soft brush)2 Remove contaminated clothes whilst washing3 Cover burn,if inflammed,with dressing4 Get victim to hospitalIf chemical is in eye;1 Hold head under tap & allow water to run into eye,not into other eye2 Keep eyelids separated during washing3 Wash for 10 mins it possible,alternate every 10 secs if both eyes affected4 Cover eye with sterile pad5 Get victim to hospital=If water not available,fluid such as milk or beer can be usedBurns-Clothing Fire1 Make victim lie down at once2 Use dry powder extinguisher or other heavy object to smother flames & exclude oxygenOnce flames are out;3 Remove hot clothes or cool with water4 Cool victim for 10 minutes with water5 Call emergency services6 Check AIVRWAY7 Cover burns with clean dressings8 Give victim sips of cool water if consciousADO NOT use Nylon material to smotherDO NOT roll victim on groundBurns-ElectricalQCan be power lines,lightning,defective electrical equipment & unprotected outlets*Can result in serious muscle breakdown*Electrolyte abnormalities*Occasionally kidney failureSite of damage can be internal & not visible on skin surface1 Call emergency services in any case of electrical burn2 Do not go near victim unless you are sure power turned off.Burn itself may not be the main problem3 If victim unconscious,check BREATHING & PULSE.Check for other injuries,& do not move victim as may have spinal injuries4 Cover burn with dry,sterile dressing.Do not cool burn5 Prevent victim from getting chilledMay be 2 wounds where current entered/exited body & they may be deep Burns-General1 Stop the burning.Put out flames or remove victim from heat source2 Use large amounts of cool water to cool burn.Never use ice except on small superficial burns,as causes body heat loss.If burn area cannot be immersed,i.e.face,soak clean cloth & apply to burn,adding water to keep cloth cool3 Cover with sterile dressings or clean cloth to prevent infection & reduce pain.Bandage loosely.DO NOT put ointment on burn unless very minor.Do not use home remedies or break blisters.Minor burns with broken blisters not severe enough to require medical attention,wash burned area with soap & water,keep clean & apply antibiotic ointmentSome people allergic to topical ointments,so if any doubts,call doctor for advice.For victim of severe burns,lay down unless trouKble BREATHING.Raise burned area above victim's heart,& protect from draftsDO NOT put butter or greasy ointments on burns.This seals heat into wound & may cause infectionAlways seek medical attention if;*Victim a child or elderly*Burn covers more than one body part*Burn located on any sensitive area (hands,face,feet,etc)*Bu*rn third degree*Burn caused by chemicals Burns-MinorDamages outer layer of skin*Redness*Mild pain*Swelling1 Immediately submerge affected part in cold (running) water/fluid or cover with cold,wet cloths for 10 mins or until pain decreases2 Remove any clothing/jewelry before swelling3 Cover with clean,dry gauze dressing for protection{DO NOT break blistersDO NOT apply adhesive dressingDO NOT use lotions,oils or fats which seal in heat,continuing the burnBurns-Severe/Scalds"Go through to second layer of skin*Skin red with blisters-may open & weep clear fluid,giving wet appearance*Area may appear mottled*Usually painful & swells*Blisters*Rough,red skin*Extreme pain1 Lay victim down keeping injured area from ground2 Cover burn with cold liquid for 10 mins3 Watch for BREATHING problems & prepare to RESUSCITATEDO NOT overcool if burn area large due to risk of HYPOTHERMIADO NOT remove anything sticking to burn4 Call emergency services5 Remove clothing/jewelry (unless sticking to burn) before swelling6 Cover burn with clean dressing (or any clean,non-fluffy,material-kitchen film,pillowcase,plastic bag) to protect from infection.Burns to face do not need covering,just cooling7 Record details of accident8 Treat for SHOCK & reassure victim9 Monitor & record BREATHING & PULSE & prepare to RESUSCITATEZDO NOT break blistersDO NOT touch burnDo not apply lotions,oils,fats or sticky dressings Burns-SunburnSolar radiationPainful & blister1 Get out of sun2 Cool burn under cold shower/sponge with cold water3 Avoid pressure on burn4 Apply witch hazel,natural yoghurt, calamine lotion or sunburn cream5 Protect burn by staying out of sunSeek medical attention if extensive blisteringIf going out in sun,wear sunscreen with SPF (Sun Protection Factor) of 15 minimum & reapply frequently(SPFn-you can stay in sun n times longer than your normal burn time)Cover existing sunburn if going outsideUCardiac ArrestHeart has stopped beatinga*Victim collapses & becomes unconscious/motionless*No breathing movement*No pulse*Skin greyish1 Call emergency services immediately stating cardiac arrest2 Perform MOUTH-TO-MOUTH inflations3 Start chest compression (CPR)4 Give 2 inflations to every 15 compressions until help arrives Chest Wounds*Pain/difficulty breathing-maybe rapid,shallow & uneven*Sense of alarmMay also be *Shock*Coughed up,frothy blood*Grey-blue nails,mouth & skin*Sucking sound of air at chest1 Use your/victim's palm to cover wound2 Remove palm & cover with dressing3 Cover dressing with plastic bag/foil/kitchen film & secure with sticky tape on 3 sides,leaving one open for air under pressure to escape4 Support victim in most comfortable position,leaning towards injured side5 Call emergency services6 Treat for SHOCKIf unconscious,open AIRWAY,check BREATHING & PULSE & prepare to RESUSCITATE.Place in RECOVERY POSITION with injured side uppermostChildbirth-1-Start of Labour[*Low backache*Regular contractions*Discharge of bloodstained mucusMay last several hours1 Call midwife/doctor/emergency services,giving full details,due date etc2 Help mother into most comfortable position.Massaging lower back with heel of hand can relieve paindDO NOT bathe if waters have broken-can cause infectionMother will know what to expect but may paniclChildbirth-2-Delivery;*Contractions stronger/more frequent*Waters break any time1 Cover area with plastic sheet/newspaper/towels to absorb mess2 Ensure emergency services are on way3 Remove lower clothing,covering with blanket if mother prefers4 When eidest part of baby's head visible-mother to stop pushing & pant instead.DO NOT allow the mother to drink-moisten lips if thirsty5 Tear any membrane over baby's head6 Allow baby to arrive naturally.If umbilical around baby's neck ease it over baby's head to avoid strangulationDO NOT pull baby's head or shoulders7 Lift baby from birth canal-may be slippery-handle carefully8 Place on mother's stomachDO NOT pull umbilical cord9 Baby should cry-if not,carry out RESUSCITATION-DO NOT smack10 Wrap baby in clean cloth/blanket & give to mother,with head low to let any mucus drain away from nose/mouth,Childbirth-3-Delivery of Afterbirth/Placenta*Afterbirth delivered up to 30 mins after baby*When expelled and cord stopped pulsating,cord turns blue to white as bloods flows to baby1 Encourage motherDO NOT pull or cut umbilical cord2 Keep afterbirth intact,ideally in a plastic bag,until midwife cuts cord3 Provide water,clean towels/sanitary pad to clean mother who may want to clean herself4 Massage womb just below navel-helps to( stop bleeding by helping womb contractChoking-AspyxiationLoss of consciousness due to presence of too little oxygen/too much carbon dioxide in the blood.Victim may stop breathing for number of reasons (drowning,electric shock,heart failure,poisoning,suffocation)Flow of oxygen throughout body stops within mins if respiratory system fails.Heart failure,brain damage & death will result if breathing not restartedRescue BreathingPerson suffering from asphyxiation should be given rescue breathingBefore rescue breathing,be certain victim actually stopped breathing:1 Kneel beside victim,place ear near nose & mouth & watch chest.Should feel & hear breaths & see chest rise & fall if victim breathingIf victim not breathing;1 Provide open AIRWAY.Carefully place victim on back & open mouth.If material blocking airway,must be cleared out2 Tilt victim's head back by placing heel of one hand on forehead & other hand under bony part of chin to lift it slightly3 Straddle thighs,placing one palm slightly above navel but well below breastbone.Cover this hand with other & interlace fingers4 Without bending elbows,press sharply on victim's abdomen 6-10 times5 Turn victim's head to one side & sweep out any contents in their mouth with fingers6 If victim's breathing not restored after removing object,reposition head in head-tilt/chin-lift position & continue breathing for them as long as necessary or until help arrives7 If no signs of breathing,pinch victim's nostrils closed.Seal mouth over victim's & blow 2 full breaths.Rising chest indicates air reaching lungs.If stomach expanding instead,victim's neck & jaw positioned improperly.Gently push on victim's abdomen with palm of your hand until air is expelled,because extra air in stomach may cause vomiting8 Look,listen & feel again for signs of breathing.If victim still not breathing on their own,continue blowing into their mouth one breath every 5 seconds until help arrives.Infants:If working with infant or small child,position your mouth so that you blow through child's nose & mouth at same time.Give 2 puffs,using mouth & cheeks for breathing air into infant's lungs (to keep from overinflating lungs)Administer one breath every 3-4 secondsChoking-Conscious AdultIf person clutching throat with both hands,they are making universal sign for chokingIf person can cough or talk,encourage them to continue coughingOnce victim can no longer talk or cough,you must clear obstructed airwayTo clear airway perform Heimlich maneuver,aka abdominal thrusts:*Stand behind conscious choking adult,wrapping arms around their waist*With one hand,make fist*Place thumb side of fist against victim's abdomen just above navel*Be sure hand is far below tip of breastbone*Put other hand over the fist & give quick upward thrusts into victim's abdomen*Continue giving thrusts until object blocking airway dislodged & victim breathes,or until becomes unconsciousChoking-Conscious ChildtIf child can cough or talk,encourage them to continue coughing.If child cannot cough or talk,ask if they are chokingPerform abdominal thrusts:Stand behind victim,wrap arms around waist & make fist with one handPlace thumb side of fist against child's abdomen,above navel yet far below tip of breastbonePut other hand over the fist & give quick upward thrusts into victbim's abdomenContinue giving thrusts until airway cleared & child breathes or becomes unconscious#Choking-Conscious InfantDuring primary survey you may determine that infant is conscious & cannot breathe,cough or cryYou must give 5 back blows & 5 chest thrusts*Place infant faceup on forearm*Put other arm on top of infant*Use thumb & fingers to hold infant's jaw,sandwiching infant between forearms*Turn infant over,facedown on forearm.*Place arm down on your thigh,being sure that infant's head lower than chest*Using heel of your hand,give 5 back blows between infant's shoulder blades.Be sure to hold infant's jaw with thumb & fingers to stabilize head* You must turn infant back over to give chest thrusts* Place free hand & forearm across infant,sandwiching between forearms & supporting head* Turn infant over onto back & place arm down on thigh,making sure infant's head lower than chest* Imagine a line across infant's chest between nipples.Place ring finger on infant's breastbone just below imaginary line* Place pads of next 2 fingers just under line* Raise ring finger & if you can feel notch at tip of infant's breastbone,move fingers up a little* Compress infant's breastbone 1/2-1 inch with pads of fingers & let breastbone return to normal position* Give 5 compressions.Continue giving back blows & chest thrusts until infant can breathe or cough,or until unconsciousChoking-GeneralIf person is choking,do not interfere as long as they are coughing.If coughing does not dislodge object from trachea & victim breathing with extreme difficulty,or turn a bluish colour & appear choking but unable to cough or speak,quickly ask,"Are you choking?"Choking victim can nod their head "yes," but will be unable to talk.It is important to ask this question as a person suffering from a heart attack will have similar symptoms,but he will be able to talkThe Abdominal ThrustIf victim choking;1 Stand behind with your arms around their waist2 Place one fist,with knuckle of thumb against victim's midsection,slightly above navel but well below breastbone3 Hold fist firmly with other hand & pull both hands sharply toward you with upward-and-inward jab4 This procedure should be administered continually until object forced out or victim becomes unconsciouscDUE TO THE FORCE WITH WHICH ABDOMINAL THRUST IS GIVEN,IT SHOULD BE USED ONLY IN AN ACTUAL EMERGENCY&Choking-Pregnant Woman or Obese PersonConscious AdultIf a choking conscious adult is noticeably pregnant or too obese to wrap arms around in order to perform abdominal thrusts,give chest thrusts instead:* Stand behind victim,placing your arms under victim's armpits & around chest* Make fist with one hand & put thumb side of fist against centre of victim's breastbone* Make sure thumb is on breastbone,not ribs & not near tip of breastbone* Put your other hand over fist & give quick inward thrusts* Continue giving thrusts until object dislodged,or until victim becomes unconsciousUnconscious AdultIf victim was a conscious choking pregnant woman or obese person who became unconscious:* lower victim gently onto their back on the floor* Or,you may have determined during primary survey,even after retilting head & trying again,air would not go into pregnant or obese victim* You must give chest thrusts* Kneel beside victim,placing one hand on centre of victim's breastbone & then placing your other hand on top* Give 5 quick thrusts,compressing chest 1 1/2-2 inches* Do finger sweep,open airway with head tilt & chin lift & give 2 slow breaths* If air still will not go in,continue giving chest thrusts,finger sweeps & 2 slow breaths until object expelled & air goes in* If victim not bredathing & has pulse,go to Rescue Breathing* If victim not breathing & does not have pulse,go to CPRChoking-Unconscious AdultIf during primary survey your breaths will not go in an unconscious adult & you re-tilted head & tried again but breaths still would not go in,assume victim's airway obstructedIf victim was a conscious choking adult who became unconscious,you must lower them to the floor on their back.Perform head tilt & chin lift to try to open airway & attempt to remove obstruction by sweeping it out of victim's mouth with your finger.This is called a finger sweepAlways use a hooking action,being careful not to lodge object in furtherPerform head tilt & chin lift & give 2 slow breaths.If breaths still do not go in,go to abdominal thrusts.Straddle one or both of victim's thighs.Place heel of one hand on victim's abdomen,just above navel yet far below tip of breastbone.Place other hand on top of first,interlacing fingers & give 5 quick upward thrusts.Then do a finger sweep & give 2 slow breathsIf air still will not go in,continue giving 5 abdominal thrusts,a finger sweep & 2 slow breaths.Continue giving thrusts until object dislodged,air goes into victim,or medical personnel takes overIf victim not breathing but has pulse,perform Rescue BreathingIf victim not breathing & does not have pulse,go to CPRChoking-Unconscious ChildIf child was a conscious choking victim who became unconscious,lower child down onto their backOr,you may have determined during primary survey that air would not go in,even after you retilted & tried againYou must give child 5 abdominal thrusts,do finger sweep if you see object & open airway with head tilt & chin lift & give 2 slow breaths.If breaths still will not go in,continue giving abdominal thrusts,finger sweep & 2 slow breaths until object expelled,child starts to breathe or cough or medical professional takes overIf child not breathing but has pulse,perform Rescue BreathingIf child not breathing & does not have pulse,go to CPRChoking-Unconscious Infant If infant was a conscious choking victim who became unconscious,place them down on their back.Or,you may have determined during primary survey,even after retilting head & trying again,that air would not go inPerform 5 back blows & 5 chest thrustsDo foreign body check:open infant's mouth,holding tongue & lower jaw & lifting them upward,& look for object;if you do see object,do finger sweep to remove it with little fingerThen give 2 slow breaths.If air still will not go in,continue doing back blows,chest thrusts,foreign body check & 2 slow breaths until infant starts to breathe,cough or air goes inIf infant not breathing but has pulse,perform Rescue BreathingIf infant not breathing & does not have pulse,go to CPRzCholeraInsanitary conditions6*Vomiting*PULSE loss*Cold clammy skin*Muscle cramps!Prevent with regular innoculationClothing RemovalNEVER remove clothes unless absolutely necessary as can cause more harmCrash HelmetsDO NOT remove a crash helmet unless absolutely necessaryX Concussion Often a blow to head,jostling the brain inside the skull.More serious head injury may result in contusions or bruises to brain.Period of unconsciousness may indicate brain damage & accompanies many head injuriesConcussion*Dizziness*Nausea*Mild Headache* Memory loss of accidentSigns of brain injury/skull fracture*Clear or reddish fluid draining from ears,nose,mouth*Difficulty speaking*Headache*Unequal size pupils*Pale skin*Paralysis of arm/leg (opposit.e side of injury)or face(same side of injury)1 Place victim in RECOVERY POSITION.Monitor & record PULSE,BREATHING & RESPONSE every 10 mins2 If unconscious over 3 mins call emergency services3 If victim recovers,watch for any deterioration4 Seek medical advice if sickness,tiredness or headache occurs after apparent recovery$DO NOT give victim anything to drinkConvulsions-AdultIEpilepsy or sudden illness.Unlikely to cause death unless breathing stopsc*Muscles stiff & hard(tonic stage),followed by jerking movements(clonic stage)*Breathing may cease1 Help victim fall safely,reassure them2 Clear all objects away from victim & place something soft under head3 Check for epilepsy card-may list their typical pattern of seizure4 Loosen tight clothing5 If convulsions continue for more than 10 mins or victim injured during attack call emergency services6 Place victim in RECOVERY POSITION once convulsions stopped7 Stay with victim until fully recoveredDO NOT place fingers or anything in mouthDO NOT restrain victim unless to prevent further injuryOften followed by period of unconsciousness,another convulsion or confusion in victim:Convulsions-Child9*Fever*Violent muscle twitchng*Breath holding*Drooling1 Cool child by removing clothing2 Clear away objects & surround with soft padding3 Sponge with tepid water,starting at head4 Once convulsions stopped,place in RECOVERY POSITION with head well tilted back5 Call emergency servicesCCPR 7Combines Chest Compressions with Artificial Ventilation1 Kneel beside victim.Locate lowermost rib with index & middle fingers of lower hand.Slide along rib to where it meets breastbone.Place middle finger at this point & index finger above it on the breastbone.2 Place heel of free hand on breatbone & slide it down until it reaches index finger of other hand.This is the point to apply pressure3 Place heel of first hand on top and interlock fingers4 Lean over victim & with arms straight press breastbone vertically down about 4-5 cm.Release pressure but keep hands in place5 (For adult) Repeat 15 times,at an ideal rate of 100 chest compressions per min6 If alone,follow with 2 ARTIFICIAL VENTILATIONS7 Continue alternating 15 chest compressions with 2 artificial ventilations until help arrivesFor children aged 1-7 years,alternate 5 chest compressions,using one hand,with 1 artificial ventilationFor babies under 1 year,alternate 5 chest compressions,using two fingers,with 1 artificial ventilation (place lips over baby's mouth & nose for artificial ventilation)CrampUnknown.Affects any muscle/*Pain*Bunching of muscles bending toes/fingers11 Gently straighten joint2 Massage affected areaPasses in several minutesKCuts & AbrasionsCuts:Do not remove any object embedded in wound1 Wash area with soap & warm water, washing away dirt2 Apply pressure to wound until bleeding stops3 Bandage wound4 If deep,get to doctor quicklyAbrasions (Scratches):1 Wash with soap & warm water2 If0 bleeds/oozes,bandage to protect from infectionaDengue)*Rash*Headache*Fever*Muscle/joint painNo vaccine/cureRecovery takes several weeks-Diabetes/Hypoglyaemia;Insulin overdoseLow carbohydrate intakeExcessive exertioni*Faintness/dizziness/shakiness/tremor*Confusion*Intoxication*Sweating,pale skin*Rapid unconsciousnessmIf conscious,give victim sugar-sweet drinks,chocolate-should improve within 10 mins-suggest medical attentionDiabetes/Hypoglyaemia ComaToo little/no insulinA*Unconsciousness*Nail varnish/pear drop smell on victim's breath1 Look for diabetic card/disc/sugar lumps or needle marks to ensure victim is diabetic2 Place in RECOVERY POSITIONGet victim to hospitalD DiarrhoeaCommon,usually brief5*Loose/liquid faeces,passed more frequent than normal1 Drink plenty of fluid2 Avoid solid foods3 Do not use drugs unless advised by doctor,as these may keep the cause within the bodyCall doctor if diarrhoea persists,or if associated with fever/abdominal pain,vomitting or bloody stools Disease Prevention*Get immunised*Purify water*Prepare/eat food with clean hands*Wash/peel fruit*Sterilise eating tools*Protect body from insect bites*Wash/smoke louse infested clothes*Protect food from flies/vermin*Bury faeces*Wash body regularly4Drowning3Victim may survive even after 30 mins in cold waterIf still in water;1 Apply mouth-to-mouth ventilation,moving to dry land in between breaths2 Get victim from water quickly,keeping head lower than chest once clear of water to lower risk of vomiting.Protect from cold weather/wind3 Check BREATHING/PULSE4 If ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION still needed,turn victim's head to side,clear mouth(may bring up water)If breathing,place in RECOVERY POSITIONIf cold,treat for HYPOTHERMIA?Get to hospital DO NOT go into the water unless vital to do so2 Drug OverdoseNumerous1 Call emergency services immediately2 If victim conscious-Get as much information as possible-name of drug,time takenIf victim unconscious-Check & clear AIRWAY,check PULSE & BREATHING & prepare to RESUSCITATE3 If signs of burning in mouth & victim conscious,make them drink water/milk slowly4 Place in RECOVERY POSITION whether conscious or not5 Collect drug container & vomit sample if possibleDO NOT keep victim awake with coffee or exercise-quickens absorption of drugDO NOT look for antidotesDO NOT make victim vomitoEarache$*Fever*Deafness*Discharge from ear=1 Painkillers2 Check temp & consult doctor if fever developsElectric Shock1 Remove victim from source of electricity before you touch them.Turn off master switch to disconnect power,or use nonmetal,dry object to pull wire or electrical source away from victim's body2 If not BREATHING,begin ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION immediately;victim whose heart has stopped beating needs CPR3 If victim unconscious but breathing & has PULSE,place in RECOVERY POSITION & monitor breathing/pulse until medical help arrivesEmergency Services InformationInformation emergency services need*telephone number calling from*exact location,local road/junction names,landmarks*nature,severity & urgency of incident*nature of illness/injures*number,age & sex of victim(s)H Eye InjuryS*Intense eye pain*Bloodshot eye*Partial/total vision loss*Blood/clear fluid loss1 Lay victim on back with head resting on your knees to keep head still2 Tell them to keep eye still3 Give victim pad to cover injured eye,keep other eye closed4 Call emergency services'DO NOT touch or rub eye or contact lensFaintingjBefore losing consciousness,victim may complain of;*Lightheadedness*Weakness*Nausea*Skin pale & clammyIf person begins to feel faint,they should;-lean forward-lower head toward knees(as head lowered below heart,blood flows to brain)What to do if someone becomes unconscious:1 Keep victim lying down with head lowered & legs elevated2 Loosen tight cloth+es3 Apply cool,damp cloths to face & neckIn most cases,victim will regain consciousness shortly after being placed in this positionAfter victim regains consciousness,do not let them get up until questioned(Who are you?,Where are you?,Do you know what day it is?) to be sure they have completely recoveredFevery*Bacterial/viral infection*Overactive thyroid gland*Body fluid loss*Excessive head heat*Heart attack*Lymphoma tumourBody temp over 37'C/98.6'Fy1 Remove clothes2 Bath in or sponge down repeatedly with cool/tepid water3 Take aspirin unless doctor advises otherwiseAll fevers should be reported to doctorLong term,very high fever can cause brain damageDO NOT give aspirin to child under 12 yearsFeverr*Raised temp under tongue*Skin pallor*Victim feels chilledLater*Sweating*Headache*Aches & pains*Higher temp1 Make victim as comfortable as possible,ie in bed with light covers2 Give cool drinks3 Adult takes 2 paracetamol,children as recommended (not aspirin)Fishhook RemovalIf point of hook lies near skin surface;1 Grasp hook shaft with pliers2 Turn hook & push point/barb out through skin3 Cut off barb close to skin4 Pull out hook5 Clean wound with soap & water6 See doctor asapSeek medical help immediately if;*Hook embedded in eyeball*Hook deeply embedded*Tetanus shots not up to date.Have it within 2 days if you need tetanus booster*Signs of INFECTION develop1Food Posioning-Acute(Staphylococcal) & Salmonella(Bacteria in reheated or half cooked food*Nausea,vomitting & diarrhoea*Abdominal pain*Headache*SHOCK*Fever(Salmonella)*Acute takes 2-6 hours to develop,Salmonella takes 1-2 days1 Give victim plenty of water to drink2 Once stomach settled,give jelly, blancmange,dry biscuits or clear soupIf abdominal pain,blood in stools or severe symptoms lasting over 3 days-call doctorQDO NOT give victim milky drinks-tea/coffee or acidic drinks-fruit juices/squashesFood Poisoning Prevention-Ensure frozen meat/poultry fully defrosted before cooking-Cook meat/poultry/eggs/fish fully to kill bacteria-DO NOT keep food warm for long periods-Wash hands before preparing-Wear gloves/plaster any cutsFreeing Trapped Limbs6Fingers,arms,legs may get caught in bottles,jars,pipes1 Stay calm2 Don't force limb-this may make it swell & more difficult to remove3 Relax limb.Relaxation alone may enable you to free it4 If possible,elevate limb5 Applying ice around exposed area may reduce any swelling & allow limb to be released6 If ice doesn't work,dribble soapy water or cooking oil on limb & turn it or object so you "unscrew" rather than pulling out directly6Call emergency services if unable to free trapped limb  FrostbiteFreezing of body tissues.Usually occurs in exposed areas of body,affecting superficial or deep tissues.Quite serious.Water in body's cells freezes/swells,damaging & destroying them.Can results in loss of fingers,hands,arms,toes,feet,legsg*Lack of feeling in area*Waxy skin appearance*Cold to touch & discoloured (flushed,white,yellow,blue)1 Handle very gently & DO NOT rub affected area2 Warm area by soaking in water no warmer than 100-105'F,using thermometer to check water temperature.DO NOT let affected body part touch bottom or sides of container holding water3 Leave frostbitten area in water until red & feels warm4 Bandage area with dry,sterile dressing, placing cotton or gauze between frostbitten fingers/toes5 Avoid breaking blisters & seek medical attention quickly Head InjuriesBMost bumps on the head are minor & heal as easily as anywhere elseHead injuries that cause cuts often bleed heavily because blood vessels of scalp close to surface.This bleeding alarming,but not always a severe injuryHead injuries that do not cause visible external bleeding may have caused life-threatening bleeding & swelling inside skull.Anyone experiencing a head injury should be watched carefully for 24 hours for signs of severe head injury1 Replace displaced skin2 If bleeding,apply dressing & firm pressure directly over wound.If blood soaks through,apply additional cloths over first.Secure dressing with bandage3 Lay victim down with head/shoulders slightly raised4 If victim becomes unco`nscious for 3+ mins place in RECOVERY POSITION call emergency services & prepare to RESUSCITATEMPrevention* Always wear seat belt when in motor vehicles.Use child car seatsf* Always wear helmet while biking,motorcycling & skating* Don't dive into shallow or unfamiliar water Heart AttackBlockage of branch of coronary arteryPart of heart muscle dies-if large part,victim unlikely to survive.If small part,recovery possible*Sudden crushing chest pain,spreading to left arm*Conviction victim is dying*Faintness & falling*Heavy sweating*Pale skin,blueness at lips*Weak,fast pulse,may be irregular*Breathlessness*Sudden loss of consciousness1 If conscious,help victim into half sitting position2 Support head,neck & shoulders3 If victim has tablets/aerosol,assist administration4 Reassure victim & help to relax5 Call emergency services/doctor immediately stating victim had heart attack6 Keep victim rested7 Check PULSE & BREATHING8 Give one aspirin tablet,if availableIn victim becomes unconscious place in RECOVERY POSITION & monitor PULSE/BREATHINGIf breathing stops,give mouth-to-mouth/ARTIFICIAL VENTILATIONIf pulse stops start chest compression (CPR)>DO NOT allow victim to moveDO NOT give anything to eat/drink Heat CrampsOverexposure to heat & combination of fluid & salt loss from heavy sweating,usually after strenuous exercise or work outdoors in warm temperatures.Often in legs & abdomen.Indicate more severe problem to come if proper care not given promptlyPainful muscle spasms1 Have victim rest comfortably in cool place & provide with cool water or sports drink2 Stretch muscle gently & massage area3 Once cramps stop,may resume physical activity,drinking plenty of fluids during & after activityHeat ExhaustionStrenuous exercise or work in hot environment.Most common heat-related illness.Victim loses fluid through sweating & bloodflow to skin increases,reducing blood flow to vital organs.Victim goes into mild shock]*Low body temperature*Pale/moist/cool skin*Headache*Nausea*Dizziness/weakness*ExhaustionOIf heat exhaustion allowed to progress,condition will worsen until heat stroke Heat StrokeStrenuous exercise or work in hot environment.Heat stroke,least common heat-related illness,occurs when heat exhaustion symptoms are ignored.Body systems become overwhelmed by heat.Sweating stops & body can no longer cool itself.Body temperature rises rapIidly & brain/vital organs begin fail.Convulsions,coma & death may resultv*High body temperature*Hot,red,dry skin*Progressive loss of consciousness*Rapid,weak pulse*Rapid,shallow breathing1 Call emergency services immediately if victim's condition so bad you suspect heat stroke2 Move victim to cool area & give cool water to drink3 Remove any tight or heavy clothes & cool body however you can;apply cool wet cloths to skin,fan victim,or place ice packs on wrists & ankles,in each armpit & on neck in order to cool large blood vessels4 DO NOT apply rubbing alcohol-prevents heat loss5 DO NOT let victim drink too much too quickly-4 ounces every 15 mins ok.If victim vomits,stop giving fluids & position on their side,keep airway clear & monitor breathing/PULSE6 Keep victim lying down, continue cooling body until medical help arrivesJIf heat-related illness recognized in early stages,can usually be reversedHernia9*Abdominal bulge or swelling*Lower groin pain*Vomiting1 Support victim in most comfortable position,often sitting with cushion support2 Call doctor or emergency services if pain is severeDO NOT push/press swellingQHIV RiskPrecautions*Avoid contact with spilled blood,including in the eye*Any blood on first aider's skin should be wiped away and washed at earliest possibility*Infection from saliva negligible unless victim bleeding in/around mouth.Use polythene bag with sli't cut if ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION neededVery small risk of infection Hookworms;Infected drinking water or penetrate bare skin,usually feet*Anaemia*LethargyAlcapar/Mintazol2Worms live in intestine,larvae may cause pnuemoniaHyperventilationdBreathing very fast & deep (hyperventilate) causes carbon dioxide (CO2) level in blood drops too low*Numbness/tingling in hands,feet,around mouth*Pounding,racing pulse & anxiety*Feeling you can't get enough air*Lightheadedness*Chest pain*In severe cases,unconsciousnessIf you have hyperventilated before:Ask people to mention if you start to breathe too fastWhen you notice fast breathing or other signs,slow breathing to one breath every 5 seconds,or slow enough that symptoms subsideSit down & concentrate on slowing breathingPractice a relaxation techniqueBreathe in & out of a paper bag held over nose & mouth.This will help bring amount of CO2 in blood back to normal.Continue intermittently for 5-15 mins.Call emergency services if:* hyperventilation occurs in person who isn't appear tense or anxious* anxiety & hyperventilation are frequent & interfere with daily activities Hypothermia Body cools as warming mechanisms fail.If proper care not promptly administered, victim may die.Body temperature drops below 95'F,PULSE becomes erratic,stops & victim dies*Shivering*Slow,irregular pulse*Numbness*Glassy stare*Apathy along with decreasing levels of consciousnessPeople can develop hypothermia even when temperature only moderately cold.Elderly in poorly heated homes,homeless,ill or those with certain medical conditions more susceptible to hypothermia.Anyone submerged in cold water or remaining in wet clothes for prolonged period may develop hypothermiaIf victim may have hypothermia,call emergency services immediately.Care for life-threatening problems.Remove wet clothes,dry victim & warm body gradually by wrapping in blankets.Move to warm place.Use hot water bottles or heating pads to help rewarm body,but put barrier,like blanket,towel or clothes,between heat source & victim to keep from burning them.DO NOT warm victim too quickly & DO NOT immerse victim in warm water.Handle victim gently.In cases of severe hypothermia,victim may be unconscious.Monito/r BREATHING & PULSE until medical help arrives!Indirect Pressure-Pressure PointsGUsed when direct pressue not possible/effective to stop severe bleedingFor armTrace straight down inside of upper arm & fell for pulse in artery.Apply pressure until blood flow reducedFor legLay victim down with knee bent & feel for pressure point where artery crosses pelvic bone,in centre of groin crease.Apply pressure until blood flow reducedDDO NOT apply pressure for more than 10 minsNEVER apply a tourniquet Infection *Increased pain*Swelling,redness or tenderness*Heat/red streaks extending from area *Discharge of pus*Fever of 100'F or higher with no other causeInfectious HepatitisGSpread through faeces/urine.Enters through cuts/sores or drinking water6*Yellowish skin*Nausea*Appetite loss*Abdominal painRest  Insect StingsuMost sting reactions not allergic*Local pain*Swelling*Redness at site of sting.Some extension of swelling expected1 Remove sting using fine tweezers-grasp sting below poison sac to avoid releasing more poison2 Apply cold compress to relieve pain/minimize swelling3 Contact doctor if pain/swelling persistpIf stung in mouth/throat give victim ice to suck or cold water to sip and contact emergency services immediatelyJellyfish Stings*Pain & hive-like swelling*If numerous & large amount of poison released,may be;-Shortness of breath-Nausea-Stomach cramps*In severe cases;-Muscle cramps-Fainting-Vomiting-Difficulty breathing1 Rinse area immediately with sea water(DO NOT use fresh water,alcohol or rub sand-this releases more poison2 Splash vinegar,rubbing alcohol or meat tenderizer dissolved in saltwater on area to neutralize poison3 Remove attached tentacles carefully.Protect hand with towel & apply paste of sand or baking soda & saltwater to area.Scrape tentacles off with towel or edge of credit card4 Apply calamine lotion to relieve pain & itchingIf stung by Portuguese man-of-war jellyfish,scrape stinging tentacles of,f with sand & seek medical help immediatelyCall emergency services if signs of severe ALLERGIC REACTION develop soon after being stung by jellyfish:*Wheezing,difficulty breathing *Swelling around lips,tongue or face or significant swelling around sting(e.g.entire arm or leg swollen)*If swelling around site of jellyfish sting*If skin around sting becomes discoloured*If over-the-counter pain medications unable to control pain*Call doctor to talk about adrenaline kits or allergy shots (immunotherapy) for jellyfish venom if serious allergic reaction Leptospirosis8Rodents/infected water,through cuts/sores/drinking water*Jaundice look*Lethargy*FeverProcane penicillin,Tetracycline MalariaSaliva of mosquito|*Recurrent fever*Sweats but victim feels chilled & shivers*Variants cause headaches,malaise & vomiting*Leaves victim weakMany preventitive drugsWAffects 200 million people worldwide,killing 1 million people each year in Africa aloneG MeningitisCan develop in a few hours*Fever*Vomiting,appetite loss*Headache*Sensitivity to light*Neck stiffness*Convulsions*Red/purple blood spots (purpuric rash)Call emergency services immediatelyCheck rash by lightly pressing side of glass against it-if it does not disappear under the pressure it is not purpuric MiscarriageVarioush*Cramp-like pain in lower abdomen/pelvic area*SHOCK*Sudden,heavy vaginal bleeding*Discharge of foetus1 Reassure mother2 Help her to get comfortable3 Obtain sanitary towel/pad for mother4 Monitor & record BREATHING & PULSE every 10 mins5 Retrieve any expelled material for later medical investigation,keeping from mother's viewOther reasons for vaginal bleeding;-Heavy period-Induced abortion-Ectopic pregnancy (egg wrongly develops in falopian tube)-life threatening condition%Mouth to Mouth/Artificial VentilationWith victim lying flat on back;1 Remove obstacles from mouth2 Open AIRWAY by tilting head back3 Pinch victim's nose closed4 Take a full breath,place lips over victim's mouth (for babies,cover baby's mouth and nose)5 Blow into victim's mouth until chest rises,taking about 2 secs to inflate6 Remove your lips & allow victim's chest to deflate,about 4 secs7 Repeat once & check circulation/PULSEIf there is a pulse/no breathing,continue & check pulse after every 10 breathsIf breathing returns,place victim in RECOVERY POSITIONIf no pulse & no other recovery (skin colour,swallowing,coughing or breathing) start CPRIf chest does not rise,check AIRWAY is open" Moving VictimOnly when medical help not available or immediate danger to life:*Busy road where traffic cannot be stopped*Dangerous/collapsing building*Fumes/gas dangerrIf must move:1 Assess all injuries & support injured limbs2 Move victim in exactly same position initially foundNails (Blood Under)!Finger/toenails often get crushedRInjuries usually aren't serious,but if bleeding under nail,pressure can be painfulTo relieve throbbing & pain make hole in nail to drain blood.You may feel squeamish about trying this at home,but it is the same thing a health professional would doDraining helpful only if there is severe,throbbing pain(you can feel pulse beating under nail) that is bad enough to prevent sleep* Apply ice & elevate injured area soon after injury to minimize swelling & relieve pain* Acetaminophen will also ease discomfort* To make hole in nail & relieve throbbing: - Straighten paper clip & heat tip in flame until red hot- Place tip of paper clip on nail & let it melt through.No need to push.This will not be painful,because nail has no nerves.Thick nails may take several tries- Relieve Pressure.When hole complete,blood will escape & pain will be relieved- Soak finger 3 times a day in half-&-half mixture of hydrogen peroxide & warm water- If pressure builds up again in few days,repeat procedure,using same holeConsult medical professional if:* victim won't let you try procedure* signs of INFECTION appear* Signs of more serious injury,see STRAINS,SPRAINS & FRACTURES NosebleedbNose injury,strenuous activity,high blood pressure,exposure to high altitude,blowing nose too hard1 Sit down with head held forward2 Lean slightly forward to prevent blood running into throat3 Tell victim to breathe through mouth & not speak,sniff,spit or swallow4 If blood coming from one nostril,press firmly at top of that nostril,just below ridge5 If both nostrils bleeding,pinch nostrils together for at least 10 mins6 If bleeding continues,apply pressure in 10 min bursts7 If bleeding after 30 mins take/send victim to hospital8 If bleeding stops,tell victim to rest for several hoursHIf heavy bleeding persists or nosebleeds recur frequently,consult doctor Period PainCommon,not usually seriousk1 Use painkillers(Ibuprofen,Aspirin,Codeine)2 When severe,take hot bath,relax in bed with hot water bottlePoison-AbsorptionCall emergency services immediatelyIf poison like dry or wet chemicals get on skin,flush area with large amounts of water & continue flushing area until help arrives.If you have had a run-in with poison ivy,poison oak or poison sumac,no need to call for medical help.Wash affected area with soap & water.If you develop rash,put paste of baking soda & water on area several times a day or use anti-itch lotion or antihistamine to relieve itchiness.Be aware some people have ALLERGIC REACTIONS to over-the-counJter drugs to stop itching-use caution & if you have doubts,talk to doctorHSee doctor if condition gets worse,affecting large areas of body or facePoison-Carbon Monoxide(CO)$Car exhaust fumes/coal burning fires1 Remove victim from source of toxic fumes to fresh air2 Check BREATHING3 Perform RESUSCITATION if necessary4 Place victim in RECOVERY POSITION5 Call emergency services'CO colourless,odourless & poisonous gasPoison-GeneralPoison is a substance that causes injury or illness when it gets into a person's body.4 ways a person can be poisoned:ingested (swallowed)inhaled (breathed)absorbed (absorbed through skin)injected (injected body)Ingested poisons-foods,alcohol,medication,household/garden items & certain plantsInhaled poisons-gases,like carbon monoxide from car exhaust,carbon dioxide from sewers & chlorine from a pool,or fumes from household products-glue,paint,cleaners or drugsAbsorbed poisons enter body through skin;they may come from plants,fertilizers or pesticidesInjected poisons enter body through bites or stings of insects,spiders,ticks,marine life,snakes & other animals or medications injected with a hypodermic needle Poison-Ingested (Swallowed)*Nausea*Vomiting*Diarrhoea*Chest/abdominal pain*Difficulty breathing*Changes in consciousness*Seizures*Burns around lips/tongue/on skin1 Check no poison left in mouth.If vomit in mouth roll victim on side & allow vomit to drain away2 Place 2 fingers under chin,other hand on forehead & tilt head well back3 Check AIRWAY & BREATHING4 Place in RECOVERY POSIITION5 Call emergency services .If victim swallowed poison,determine what type,how much & when.If you find container,take to telephone when you make call.Do not give anything to eat/drink unless advised.If unsure what poison was & victim vomits,save some so that hospital may analyze/determine what it isIIf victim conscious and lips burned,give frequent sips of cold water/milkPoison-Injection Sting/BitesIf stung by insect,remove stinger by scraping away from skin with fingernail/plastic cardWash area with soap & water,cover to keep clean & apply ice to reduce pain & swellingIf victim has trouble BREATHING,they may be experiencing ALLERGIC REACTION & going into anaphylactic shock.You must call emergency services immediately or victim's AIRWAY may constrict,preventing breathing & killing themPoison-Marine LifeOStings from some marine life (sting rays,sea anemones,jellyfish) cause sicknessIf stung,soak affected area in salt water & apply paste of baking soda or meat tenderizer or even ice quickly to reduce swellingIf unsure what stung,have history of allergic reactions to marine life stings,are stung on face/neck or are having difficulty .breathing,call emergency services immediately;Poison-ScorpionsFew species of scorpions deadly.Live in dry regions of SW U.S.& Mexico,under rocks,logs & bark of certain trees.Mostly nocturnalIf stung by scorpion,call emergency services unless positive it is not poisonous*Nausea*Vomiting*Difficulty breathing/swallowing*Sweating & salivating profusely*Severe pain in bite/sting area*Mark indicating bite/sting & swellingpIf you suspect you have been stung by scorpion,wash wound,apply ice to area & call emergecy services immediatelyEAntivenins,medications that block effects of the poison,are available Poison-Smoke InhalationSmoke from fire$Irritates vocal cords,closing airway1 Remove victim from source of smoke to fresh air if possible2 Check BREATHING/AIRWAY3 Perform ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION if necessary4 Check for/treat BURNS5 Call emergency servicesPoison-Spiders2 spiders in U.S.have bites that can make you seriously ill or kill:Black widow spider-black with reddish hourglass shape on underside of bodyBrown recluse spider-light brown with dark brown,violin-shaped marking on top of bodyBoth like dark places & bZites usually occur on arms/hands of people rummaging in dark garages/attics or wood piles*Nausea*Vomiting*Difficulty breathing/swallowing*Sweating & salivating profusely*Severe pain in bite/sting area*Mark indicating bite/sting & swellingIf you suspect you have been bitten by black widow or brown recluse,wash wound,apply ice to area & call emergency services immediatelyAAntivenins,medications that block effects of poison,are availableO PolomyelitisContaminated drinking water ParalysisHot packs on muscles,rest Prickly Heat2Heavy sweating/rubbing clothes blocks sweat glandsSkin irritation21 Remove clothes2 Wash body3 Replace dry clothesMore liquid can make worse[PulseWristRest fingers lightly at front of wrist,1cm from thumb side at lower forearm endNeckTurn face to side,slide fingers from Adam's apple into groove alongside,press gentlyBabyFeel with two fingers on inside of upper armnPulse rate:Normal adult 60-80 beats/min(72 average)Young children 90-140 beats/minIncreases with excitementRabies:*Irritability*Dislike of light*Paralysis*Water aversion]1 Call emergency services immediately2 Cleanse by washing for at least 5 mins3 Dress wounds'Untreatable without vaccineOften fatalRecovery Position1 Kneel to one side2 Straighten nearest arm of victim & tuck under their body3 Bring farthest arm across chest,holding palm of hand against victim's nearest cheek4 Keeping palm against cheek,raise knee furthest from you,pulling gently to turn victim toward you5 On the side to which the victim's head turned,ensure knee remains at right angles to body6 Push head back to ensure clear AIRWAY & check BREATHINGyResponsekUse AVPU code to check level of response;A-alertnessV-responds to voiceP-responds to painU-UnresponsiveRICE Treatment1 REST-Avoid using affected part to avoid further discomfort or injury.Gradually rebuild exercise program once injury has healed2 ICE-Apply ice (bags with crushed ice,cold packs) to injured area for first 24-48 hours to prevent/reduce swelling3 COMPRESSION-Wrap elastic bandage around injured area to secure ice in place.Do not wrap so tightly that circulation cut.After 10-15 mins,loosen bandage & remove ice.Ice may be reapplied 15-20 mins every 1 or 2 hours for first 6 hours after injury.As long as inju{ry swelling,continue to apply ice 3-4 times a day4 ELEVATION-Elevate injured area above heart to slow bloodflow to injuryRingworm (Tinea cruris)WLike athletes foot,caused by fungal infection which thrives in warm,moist areas of bodyoDust area with powdered arrowroot/cornmeal,or solution of 1 part tea tree oil to 2 parts almond oil,twice daily Severed Limb1 Control blood loss by direct pressure & raising injured limb,or by INDIRECT PRESSURE2 Apply dressing to wound & bandage3 Treat for SHOCK4 Call emergency services-state amputation & whether injured limb is recovered5 Wrap recovered limb in kitchen film/plastic bag.Cover in fabric/cloth & place in container of crushed ice.DO NOT use cotton woolDO NOT wash severed limbDO NOT allow limb in direct contact with ice6 Mark container with time & victim nameDO NOT apply a tourniquetShockSudden illness or injury.When circulatory system unable to get enough blood to vital organs,body goes into shock.Mild injury can lead to shockInitially*Blue-grey skin & lips*Rapid pulse*Sweating,cold,clammy skinLater*Weakness/giddiness*Weak pulse*Thirst,nausea or vomiting*Rapid,shallow breathingEventually*Restlessness*Gasping for air*Unconsciousness*Cardiac arrestShock life-threat&ening.Prompt treatment can save lives1 Lay victim down on blanket & elevate legs 12 inches or more.If injury to head,neck or chest,keep legs flat.If victim vomits,roll to one side & fluids drain from mouth.Use care if there may be SPINAL injury2 Control bleeding & splint fractures3 Loosen clothing4 Call emergency services5 Keep victim warm,but not hot.If victim in hot place,keep them cool6 Take & record BREATHING,PULSE & RESPONSE every 10 mins7 Comfort & reassure victim to relieve anxiety-be prepared to RESUSCITATEFDO NOT leave victim aloneDO NOT allow them to eat,move,drink or smoke2Skull Fracture*Wound/bruise on head*Soft/depressed area on head*Decreasing consciousness/unconsciousness*Clear fluid/watery blood leaking from nose/ear*Blood in white of eye*Asymmetrical head/face shape1 If unconscious,open AIRWAY,check BREATHING & PULSE & prepare to RESUSCITATE.Place in RECOVERY POSITION2 Lie conscious victim down,with head & shoulders raised3 If discharge from ear,ensure ear is lower & cover with dressing4 Control scalp bleeding & \other injuries5 Call emergency services6 Monitor & record breathing & pulse every 10 minsb Slipped DiscQUsually lower back,inner pulp of disc squeezed out/pressing on spinal cord nervese*Low back/neck pain*May be in buttock or back of leg*Lower back muscle spasms*Numbness in leg/foottLie victim on firm surface (mattress on floor) with shoulders/hips/ankles levelTake painkillers (Aspirin/Ibuprofen)If symptoms persist call doctor Snake Bites*Pain/swelling/redness*1/2 puncture wounds*Vision may deteriorate*Nausea/vomitting*Breathing problems*Increased salivation & sweating1 Victim to lie down/rest,slow heart down,reduce poison absorption2 Clean wound3 Lightly compress limb above wound with bandage4 Get to hospital asap5 Monitor BREATHING & prepare to RESUSCITATECatch snake if possible-note poison is still active even in dead snakeDO NOT-Let victim move -Elevate limb,-Cut wound/suck out poison-Apply tourniquetSnow BlindnessR*Eyes sensitive to glare*Blinking/squinting*Gritty feel*Vision has red/pink hue?1 Get into dark2 Blindfold eyes3 Apply cool cloth to foreheadSelf correcting Sprains*Joint begins to swell immediately*May turn black/blue due to escaped blood from torn blood vessels*Victim may experience excruciating, shooting pains due to many nerves injured1 RICE treatment2 Thermotherapy(applying moist heat)promotes healing but should not be applied to muscle or ligament injury for at least 24 hours as heat will increase swelling.After swelling gone,alternate cold compresses & moist heat to injury3 To treat injury with warm,wet packs,place water-dampened towel in microwave oven for about 30 secs.Check to make sure towel not too hot before placing on skin.If microwave oven not available,run towel under very hot tap water,wring out & apply to injury4 A sp%rained arm should be placed in sling%Sprains take about 6-8 weeks to healStrainsInjury to muscle or tendon1 At time of injury,begin RICE treatment2 For lower back strain,rest may bring relief.If not,alternate cold compresses with moist heat,allowing rest between treatments StrangulationUnconsciouness/death may result1 Call emergency services immediately2 Relieve constriction by supporting victim3 Remove/cut ligature4 Check BREATHING5 Perform RESUSCITATION & place in RECOVERY POSITION as necessaryStrokeIInteruption of blood supply to brain due to blood clot or ruptured artery*Sudden,severe headache*Confusion*Sudden/gradual loss of consciousness*Weakness/paralysis,often on one side of body;-drooping,dribbling mouth-slurred speech-loss of limb power/movement -unequal pupil size-loss of lowel/bladder controlUnconscious victim;1 Open AIRWAY,check BREATHING & PULSE, prepare to RESUSCITATE. Place in RECOVERY POSITION2 Monitor & record breathing,pulse & RESPONSE every 10 mins3 Loosen clothingCall emergency servicesConscious victim;Lay victim down with head|/shoulders slightly raised & supported.Incline head to one side and place cloth to absorb dribblingCall emergency services(DO NOT give victim anything to eat/drinkTeeth-Knocked OutNUpper front permanent teeth are most common teeth to be completely knocked outKnocked out permanent/adult teeth should be retrieved & placed back into their sockets(reimplanted) quickly & kept in place using a pad held between top & bottom teeth.Most important variable affecting reimplantation is amount of time tooth is out of socket.Teeth reimplanted within 1 hour of accident frequently reattach to socketsDO NOT replace knocked out baby/milk/primary teethIf cannot replace tooth, keep moist in clean water/milk & bring to dentist quicklyOver-the-counter medications like Acetaminophen (TYLENOL) or Ibuprofen (ADVIL) are normally sufficient for pain relief.Chlorhexidine (PERIDEX) mouth rinse may be prescribed to prevent & control gum inflammation(gingivitis).Oral antibiotics & tetanus toxoibd injections considered for patients with accompanying significant soft tissue cuts (lacerations)Ticks/Lyme Disease1 Remove tick quickly without squeezing body as this can cause it to inject harmful bacteria.Grasp tick with tweezers close to mouthparts & gently/firmly pull until it releases hold.Place tick in container for later analysis2 Disinfect bite with alcohol/antiseptic3 Contact doctorCheck bite occasionally for 2 weeks for Lyme disease:*red rash around bite (bull's eye shape,diameter increases daily)*fever*chills*severe headaches*dizziness*nausea*sore throat*fatigue*muscle/joint achesMay experience one or all these symptoms,so Lyme disease can be mistaken for other illnesses.Consult doctor if in doubt.Can be treated with antibiotics in early stages.If not diagnosed soon after acquisition,permanent arthritis may resultF ToothacheUsually decayed tooth*Throbbing indicates INFECTION1 Take painkillers2 Lie victim down/propped up with pillows if more comfortable3 Hold hot water bottle wrapped in cloth next to face,or soak cotton wool in oil of cloves & hold against tooth4 See dentist6Sinusitis & ear infection often mistaken for toothacheDTravel Sickness:Caused by cotinuous,repetitive body movement during travel*Yawning*Deep/rapid breathing*Salivaton*Nausea*Pallor*Abdomnal discomfort*Sweating*Vomitting*Headache*Dizziness*Fatiguen1 Get into fresh air2 Sit with head tited backwards3 Fix eyes on unmoving point i.e.the horizon if on a boat  Trench FootProlonged wet/damp conditionsa*Feet white & cold*Pins & needles*Alternate numbness/sharp pain*Red/swell/blister on rewarmingY1 Dry feet,leave blisters intact2 Elevate feet & apply gentle warmthDO NOT massage feetPrevent with exercise/keep dryTyphoid (Enteric Fever)Salmonella bacteriaV*Sudden high temp*Headache*Abdominal pain*Fever*Appetite loss*Limb pain*Delirium AntibioticsTyphus (Group of diseases) %Spread by insects-fleas,mites & ticksj*Headache*Constipation*Collapse*Back pain*Coughing*Fever,delerium & red rash followMay be weak PULSEAntbiotics,vaccine availableWUnconsciousness*stroke*epilepsy*heat stroke*diabetic coma*insulin shock*head/spinal injury*suffocation*alcohol or drug overdose*shock*bleeding*heart attack Unconscious person completely unaware & unable to make purposeful movements.Fainting brief form of unconsciousness;coma is deep,prolonged state of unconsciousness Fainting usually short loss of consciousness often due to momentary drop in blood flow to brain.Fall/lie down,blood flow is improved & regain consciousness.This lightheadedness is mild form of shock & usually not serious.If happens often,may be more serious problem Dizziness & fainting also brought on by sudden emotional stress or injury1 Open AIRWAY-lift chin & tilt head2 Check BREATHING & PULSE & prepare to RESUSCITATE3 Assess & record level of RESPONSE4 If victim vomits,place in RECOVERY POSITION5 IF suspected,treat for SPINAL INJURY6 Examine victim for major bleeding/FRACTURES & treat7 Look for medical card/tag/bracelet needle marks & smell breath8 Place in RECOVERY POSITION9 If unconscious after 3 mins call emergency services10 Monitor & record breathing,pulse & response every 10 minsIf victim awake after 3 mins & recover's after 10 mins,suggest medical adviceDO NOT move victim unless in dangerDO NOT make victim sit or stand upDO NOT leave victim unattendedDO NOT give anything to eat or drink Yellow Fever*Headache*Nosebleed*Nausea*Fever*Slow pulse*Pain in neck,arms & back in severe casesLiver damage can lead to jaundice/kidney failureRest-no effective medication2Take vaccine before travelling to Africa,S.America